An improved adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm to solve a bi-level medical waste location-routing problem with infection control.

The rapid urbanization and population growth in major cities worldwide have led to a significant increase in medical waste generation, often containing infectious materials that require stringent handling protocols. To address the complexity of vehicle allocation and routing in this context, efficient planning methods are essential. This study introduces a comprehensive approach to the medical waste location-routing problem, incorporating multiple practical constraints such as vehicle capacity, hospital classification, infection risks, and time-window restrictions.