Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma coexisting with distal cholangiocarcinoma: A case report and review of the literature.

Introduction: Although primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinomas, whose prognostic mechanisms remain unclear, are rare, coexistence of neuroendocrine carcinomas and other tumors is rarer. In this report, we describe a unique case of coexistence between primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma and a distal cholangiocarcinoma in the pancreas.

Patient Concerns: A 64-year-old woman with a history of diabetes, but none of hepatitis, was admitted to hospital because of intermittent epigastric distension and pain discomfort for more than 1 month aggravated 1 day.

Perinodular ductular reaction/epithelial cell adhesion molecule loss in small hepatic nodules.

Aim: To investigate if loss of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is associated with microinvasion in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in the presence of chronic hepatitis B.

Methods: The expression of EpCAM, cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and CK19 in 112 hepatic nodules was studied, including 20 HCCs with nodules ≤ 3 cm, 26 HCCs with nodules > 3 cm, 20 high-grade dysplastic nodules, 26 cirrhotic, large regenerative nodules and 20 cases of cirrhosis.

Results: Membranes of ductular reaction (DR) hepatobiliary cells, interlobular bile duct and some hepatic cells were positive for EpCAM expression.

[Diagnostic value of absent ductular reaction at hepatocellular-stromal boundaries in early stage hepatocellular carcinoma].

Objective: To investigate the role of absent ductular reaction (DR) at hepatocellular-stromal boundaries in early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Methods: Cytokeratin (CK)7 and CK19 expression was detected by the SP immunohistochemistry method in 112 hepatic nodules taken from 20 cases of early HCC, 26 cases of HCC with nodules more than 3 cm, 20 cases of high-grade dysplastic nodule (HGDN), 26 cases of low-grade dysplastic nodule (LGDN), and 20 cases of cirrhosis (CIR). DR/CK7 and DR/CK19 were assessed separately on a semi-quantitative scale and statistically analyzed.

CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene are shorter in patients with pulmonary, esophageal or bladder carcinoma and longer in women with uterine leiomyoma.

Preferential occurrence of pulmonary, esophageal and bladder carcinomas in males indicate a possible involvement of androgen receptor (AR)-mediated functions. We evaluated the roles of the CAG repeat polymorphism in AR exon 1 in development of these lesions. The exon 1 of AR gene was amplified in samples from 198 male patients with lung carcinoma, 183 with esophageal carcinoma, 95 with bladder carcinoma and 94 males with appendicitis, as a reference group.

[X-chromosomal inactivation skewing in blood cells is associated with early development of lung].

Objective: To observe the relationship between skewed X-chromosomal inactivation (SXCI) and development of lung cancer in females.

Methods: DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells from patients with primary lung cancer (n = 148) and control subjects (n =289). Exon 1 of androgen receptor ( AR) gene was amplified, with its products from different alleles resolved on denaturing polyacrylamide gels and visualized by silver staining.

Skewed X chromosome inactivation of blood cells is associated with early development of lung cancer in females.

The skewed X chromosome inactivation (SXCI) was found mainly in adult females. It has been linked to development of ovarian and breast cancers. The present study aimed to describe the relationship between SXCI and development of lung cancer in females.