Social and economic impacts of non-communicable diseases by gender and its correlates: a literature review.

Background: Tackling social impacts derived from gender disparities is a pathway to universal health coverage (UHC). Gender intersects with other factors behind social and health inequalities, exacerbates them and influences health systems' performance. However, there is scarcity of gender-based studies that assess the social and economic impacts of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

Gender disparities in lost productivity resulting from non-communicable diseases in Mexico, 2005-2021.

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) cause long-term impacts on health and can substantially affect people's ability to work. Little is known about how such impacts vary by gender, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where productivity losses may affect economic development. This study assessed the long-term productivity loss caused by major NCDs among adult women and men (20-76 years) in Mexico because of premature death and hospitalisations, between 2005 and 2021.

Gender and non-communicable diseases in Mexico: a political mapping and stakeholder analysis.

Background: Mexico and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) present a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with gender-differentiated risk factors and access to prevention, diagnosis and care. However, the political agenda in LMICs as it relates to health and gender is primarily focused on sexual and reproductive health rights and preventing violence against women. This research article analyses public policies related to gender and NCDs, identifying political challenges in the current response to women's health needs, and opportunities to promote interventions that recognize the role of gender in NCDs and NCD care in Mexico.

Impact of cigarette price and tobacco control policies on youth smoking experimentation in Albania.

Background: Albania has one of the highest smoking prevalence in Europe especially among the youth. There is a lack of evidence in Albania, as well as in most of Eastern Europe and middle-income countries, regarding the effect of price on smoking experimentation.

Objective: The study aims to assess the effect of price and tobacco control policies on youth smoking experimentation in Albania.

Burden of non-communicable diseases and behavioural risk factors in Mexico: Trends and gender observational analysis.

Background: There is scarce gender-disaggregated evidence on the burden of disease (BD) worldwide and this is particularly prominent in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this study is to compare the BD caused by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and related risk factors by gender in Mexican adults.

Methods: We retrieved disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) estimates for diabetes, cancers and neoplasms, chronic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study from 1990-2019.

Better cigarette tax policies and higher tobacco excise tax revenues.

Background: In November 2021, the Tobacconomics team published the second edition of the which evaluates cigarette taxation in each country based on four components-cigarette price, affordability change, tax share and tax structure. This study examines the relationship between the overall cigarette tax score and tobacco excise tax revenue between 2014 and 2018.

Methods: Using cigarette tax scores from the and tobacco excise tax revenue information from WHO, this analysis is based on ordinary least squares estimations to assess the association between the overall cigarette tax scores and tobacco excise tax revenues per capita controlling for countries' tobacco control environment, sociodemographic characteristics and country and year fixed effects.

A Gender-Based and Quasi-Experimental Study of the Catastrophic and Impoverishing Health-Care Expenditures in Mexican Households with Elderly Members, 2000-2020.

Latin America has experienced a rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) which is having repercussions on the structuring of healthcare delivery and social protection for vulnerable populations. We examined catastrophic (CHE) and excessive (EHE, impoverishing and/or catastrophic) health care expenditures in Mexican households with and without elderly members (≥65 years), by gender of head of the households, during 2000-2020. We analyzed pooled cross-sectional data for 380,509 households from eleven rounds of the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey.

As countries improve their cigarette tax policy, cigarette consumption declines.

Background: This study examines the association between the Tobacconomics cigarette tax scores and cigarette consumption in 97 countries during the period of 2014-2020.

Methods: Data on countries' retail cigarette sales and overall cigarette tax scores from 2014 to 2020 are drawn from the proprietary Euromonitor International database and the Tobacconomics Cigarette Tax Scorecard (second edition). Information on countries' tobacco control environments and demographic characteristics is from the relevant years' WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, and the World Bank's World Development Indicators database.

Density of alcohol-selling outlets and prices are associated with frequent binge drinking in Mexico.

Despite the increase in the prevalence of binge drinking in Mexico studies focus on sociodemographic factors and little attention is paid on contextual factors. We estimated the association between density of alcohol outlets, price of alcoholic beverages, and binge drinking in Mexico among the population aged 12 to 65 years old who consumed alcohol during the last 12 months. Data come from different sources for alcohol consumption; availability of bar, nightclubs, saloons and stores that sell alcohol and prices of alcoholic beverages.

Health and Economic Impacts Assessment of O Exposure in Mexico.

Health effects related to exposure to air pollution such as ozone (O) have been documented. The World Health Organization has recommended the use of the Sum of O Means Over 35 ppb (SOMO35) to perform Health Impact Assessments (HIA) for long-term exposure to O. We estimated the avoidable mortality associated with long-term exposure to tropospheric O in 14 cities in Mexico using information for 2015.

Is store density associated with sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and overweight or obesity in Mexican adolescents?

Background: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is a risk factor for obesity. In Mexico, SSBs are widely available and consumed daily by adolescents.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the indirect association between store density (including grocery, convenience, non-alcoholic beverage stores and supermarkets) and overweight or obesity (OW/O) among Mexican adolescents, using SSB consumption as a mediator.

[Price elasticity and income elasticity of the demand for beer in Mexico].

Objective: Estimate the price and income elasticities of the demand for beer in Mexico.

Materials And Methods: Monthly series on beer sales and prices from 2007 to 2019 were used. Long-term elasticity was estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS).

Municipality-Level Predictors of COVID-19 Mortality in Mexico: A Cautionary Tale.

Objective: Local characteristics of populations have been associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. We analyze the municipality-level factors associated with a high COVID-19 mortality rate (MR) of in Mexico.

Methods: We retrieved information from cumulative confirmed symptomatic cases and deaths from COVID-19 as of June 20, 2020, and data from most recent census and surveys of Mexico.

Did "Conduce Sin Alcohol" a Program that Monitors Breath Alcohol Concentration Limits for Driving in Mexico City Have an Effect on Traffic-Related Deaths?

In September 2003, Mexico City introduced "Conduce sin Alcohol" (CSA)-drive without alcohol-a program that monitors breath alcohol concentration limits among drivers to reduce road traffic crashes. To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the impact of this program on mortality. We estimated the effect of CSA on the monthly rate of traffic-related deaths (deaths per one million people) in Mexico City.

Lung cancer in Mexico: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990-2016.

Objective: To show lung cancer (LC) mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in Mexico.

Materials And Methods: With the visualization tools at the Global Burden of Disease Study website, we analyzed LC mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by state, sex, socio- demographic index (SDI), age, and risk factors between 1990 and 2016.

Results: Mortality rate decreased from 13.

Geospatial, racial, and educational variation in firearm mortality in the USA, Mexico, Brazil, and Colombia, 1990-2015: a comparative analysis of vital statistics data.

Background: Firearm mortality is a leading, and largely avoidable, cause of death in the USA, Mexico, Brazil, and Colombia. We aimed to assess the changes over time and demographic determinants of firearm deaths in these four countries between 1990 and 2015.

Methods: In this comparative analysis of firearm mortality, we examined national vital statistics data from 1990-2015 from four publicly available data repositories in the USA, Mexico, Brazil, and Colombia.

Quantifying health impacts and economic costs of PM exposure in Mexican cities of the National Urban System.

Objectives: To estimate avoidable mortality, potential years of life lost and economic costs associated with particulate matter PM exposure for 2 years (2013 and 2015) in Mexico using two scenarios of reduced concentrations (i.e., mean annual PM concentration < 12 µg/m and mean annual PM concentration < 10 µg/m).

Affordability of Food and Beverages in Mexico between 1994 and 2016.

We estimated the affordability of food and beverages by energy density and nutrient quality in Mexico and tested for differential trends in affordability over time and by income quintile. We used the National Income and Expenditures Survey from 1994 to 2016, and information on the caloric and nutrient content of food and beverages from Mexican food composition tables. We estimated food energy density (kcal/kg) and nutrient quality of food and beverages using the nutrient-rich food index (NRFI).

Productivity loss associated with the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in Mexico.

The objective of the study was to estimate the productivity loss by premature death, absenteeism and presenteeism attributable to sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in Mexico in 2014. We used population attributable fractions due to SSBs for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. We gathered information from a variety of publicly available sources: mortality data from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography; hospital discharges and outpatient visits from the Health Ministry; and productivity (measured in wages earned) from the National Occupation and Employment Survey.

Divergence and convergence in cause-specific premature adult mortality in Mexico and US Mexican Hispanics from 1995 to 2015: analyses of 4.9 million individual deaths.

Background: Mexicans and US Mexican Hispanics share modifiable determinants of premature mortality. We compared trends in mortality at ages 30-69 in Mexico and among US Mexican Hispanics from 1995 to 2015.

Methods: We examined nationally representative statistics on 4.

Employment changes associated with the introduction of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages and nonessential energy-dense food in Mexico.

We assessed changes in employment in the manufacturing industry, the commercial sector and national unemployment rates, associated with the fiscal policies implemented in 2014 in Mexico: a 1 peso per liter excise tax to sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and an 8% tax on nonessential energy-dense food. We used data from three nationally representative surveys. Controlling for contextual variables, we used interrupted time series analyses to model changes in number of employees in the SSB and nonessential energy-dense food industry, in commercial establishments selling beverages and food and changes in national unemployment rates.

[Smoking tobacco in Costa Rica: susceptibility, consumption and dependence].

Objective:: To identify factors associated with susceptibility, tobacco use and addiction in young people from 13 to 15 years of age, to determine conditions of risk and identify possible correlates to the development of public policies on smoking in Costa Rica.

Materials And Methods:: Information available from the four rounds of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) Costa Rica was used. It was based on a sample size of 11 540 youngsters from public and private schools.

After Mexico Implemented a Tax, Purchases of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Decreased and Water Increased: Difference by Place of Residence, Household Composition, and Income Level.

In January 2014, Mexico implemented a tax on sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) purchases of 1 peso/L. We examined the heterogeneity of changes in nonalcoholic beverage (SSB and bottled water) purchases after the tax was implemented by household income, urban and rural strata, and household composition. We used 4 rounds of the National Income and Expenditure Surveys: 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014.