Sonography in pathologies of scalp and hair.

Disorders of the scalp often result in severe cosmetic interference with quality of life, creating the need for optimal medical surveillance. We tested the latest generation of ultrasound machines in patients with scalp pathology and prepared a cross-sectional library encompassing a wide assortment of conditions. Normative data on the sonographic anatomy of scalp and human hair, and important methodological considerations, are also included.

Coalescent patterns for chromosomal inversions in divergent populations.

Chromosomal inversions allow genetic divergence of locally adapted populations by reducing recombination between chromosomes with different arrangements. Divergence between populations (or hybridization between species) is expected to leave signatures in the neutral genetic diversity of the inverted region. Quantitative expectations for these patterns, however, have not been obtained.

Comparison of the gut microbiota from soldier and worker castes of the termite Reticulitermes grassei.

The bacterial microbiota from the whole gut of soldier and worker castes of the termite Reticulitermes grassei was isolated and studied. In addition, the 16S rDNA bacterial genes from gut DNA were PCR-amplified using Bacteria-selective primers, and the 16S rDNA amplicons subsequently cloned into Escherichia coli. Sequences of the cloned inserts were then used to determine closest relatives by comparison with published sequences and with sequences from our previous work.

Preparation and scintillating properties of Sol-Gel Eu(3+), TB(3+) co-doped Lu(2)O(3) nanopowders.

Nanocrystalline Eu(3+), Tb(3+) co-doped Lu(2)O(3) powders with a maximum size of 25.5 nm were prepared by the sol-gel process, using lutetium, europium and terbium nitrates as precursors, and ethanol as a solvent. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) were used to study the chemical changes during the xerogel annealing.

Laplacian Eigenmaps manifold learning for landmark localization in brain MR images.

The identification of anatomical landmarks in medical images is an important task in registration and morphometry. Manual labeling is time consuming and prone to observer errors. We propose a manifold learning procedure, based on Laplacian Eigenmaps, that learns an embedding from patches drawn from multiple brain MR images.

About PAR: the distinct evolutionary dynamics of the pseudoautosomal region.

Sex chromosomes differ from other chromosomes in the striking divergence they often show in size, structure, and gene content. Not only do they possess genes controlling sex determination that are restricted to either the X or Y (or Z or W) chromosomes, but in many taxa they also include recombining regions. In these 'pseudoautosomal regions' (PARs), sequence homology is maintained by meiotic pairing and exchange in the heterogametic sex.

Predictors of liver transplant eligibility for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a safety net hospital.

Background: Liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) affords excellent long-term survival but is limited to patients with early stage tumors. Predictors for orthotopic liver transplantation eligibility are not well defined for patients in a safety-net hospital system.

Aims: To clarify the clinical presentation of HCC and define predictors for early stage disease in a racially diverse safety-net hospital system.

Outcome of mild cognitive impairment comparing early memory profiles.

Background: : Finding variables that predict decline or stability in persons with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is an important step in identifying subjects in prodromal stages of dementia. This study tests a clinical observation suggesting that aMCI cases with better-preserved recognition skills, despite similar delayed recall deficits, are more likely to remain functionally stable.

Methods: : A cohort of 210 cases with aMCI, diagnosed with standardized criteria that had been followed up for 48 ± 12 months (range: 36-100), were divided into two groups according to their initial recognition memory discrimination index (DI) on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (DI ≥ or <8).

[Effective coverage of health interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean: metrics for the assessment of health systems performance].

Objective: To measure effective coverage for ll health interventions in Latin America including the children's, women's and adult health, as part of program evaluation.

Material And Methods: Interventions were selected; the definitions and calculation methods were harmonized according to the information available to ensure comparability between countries.

Results: Chile has better indicators of crude and effective coverage followed by Mexico and Colombia.

[The health system of Colombia].

This document briefly describes the health conditions of the Colombian population and, in more detail, the characteristics of the Colombian health system. The description of the system includes its structure and coverage; financing sources; expenditure in health; physical material and human resources available; monitoring and evaluation procedures; and mechanisms through which the population participates in the evaluation of the system. Salient among the most recent innovations implemented in the Colombian health system are the modification of the Compulsory Health Plan and the capitation payment unit, the vertical integration of the health promotion enterprises and the institutions in charge of the provision of services and the mobilization of additional resources to meet the objectives of universal coverage and the homologation of health benefits among health regimes.

Rhodococcus equi venous catheter infection: a case report and review of the literature.

Introduction: Rhodococcus equi is an animal pathogen that was initially isolated from horses and is being increasingly reported as a cause of infection in humans with impaired cellular immunity. However, this pathogen is underestimated as a challenging antagonist and is frequently considered to be a mere contaminant despite the potential for life-threatening infections. Most case reports have occurred in immunocompromised patients who have received organ transplants (for example kidney, heart, bone marrow) or those with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

A new species of Litomosoides (Nematoda: Onchocercidae), parasite of Nectomys palmipes (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from Venezuela: description, molecular evidence, Wolbachia pipientis screening.

Abstract: The onchocercid filaria Litomosoides taylori sp. n. is described from the sigmodontine cricetid Nectomys palmipes Allen et Chapman in northeast Venezuela.

A PTG variant contributes to a milder phenotype in Lafora disease.

Lafora disease is an autosomal recessive form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy with no effective therapy. Although the outcome is always unfavorable, onset of symptoms and progression of the disease may vary. We aimed to identify modifier genes that may contribute to the clinical course of Lafora disease patients with EPM2A or EPM2B mutations.

New insights into the evolution of Wolbachia infections in filarial nematodes inferred from a large range of screened species.

Background: Wolbachia are intriguing symbiotic endobacteria with a peculiar host range that includes arthropods and a single nematode family, the Onchocercidae encompassing agents of filariases. This raises the question of the origin of infection in filariae. Wolbachia infect the female germline and the hypodermis.

The prevalence of mental disorders in Spanish prisons.

Background: The prevalence of mental disorders among prisoners has been researched in a few countries worldwide but never previously in Spain.

Aim: Our aim was to estimate the lifetime and last month prevalence of mental disorders in a Spanish prison population.

Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, epidemiological study of 707 male prisoners.

Study of types of some species of "Filaria" (Nematoda) parasites of small mammals described by Von Linstow and Molin.

Parasitic nematodes from the Berlin (ZMB) and Vienna (NMW) Museum collections referred to the genus Filaria Mueller, 1787 by von Linstow or Molin were studied. Three samples were in good condition and the specimens redescribed. Litomosa hepatica (von Linstow, 1897) n.

U.S.-Mexico cross-border workforce training needs: survey implementation.

Background: Since the tragic events experienced on September 11, 2001, and other recent events such as the hurricane devastation in the southeastern parts of the country and the emergent H1N1 season, the need for a competent public health workforce has become vitally important for securing and protecting the greater population.

Objective: The primary objective of the study was to assess the training needs of the U.S.

Management of diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk factors in seven countries: a comparison of data from national health examination surveys.

Objective: To examine the effectiveness of the health system response to the challenge of diabetes across different settings and explore the inequalities in diabetes care that are attributable to socioeconomic factors.

Methods: We used nationally representative health examination surveys from Colombia, England, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Mexico, Scotland, Thailand and the United States of America to obtain data on diagnosis, treatment and control of hyperglycaemia, arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia among individuals with diabetes. Using logistic regression, we explored the socioeconomic determinants of diagnosis and effective case management.

Spindle cell carcinoma of the breast: a case report and discussion.

Spindle cell carcinoma of the breast is a rare subtype of metaplastic carcinoma with likelihood of aggressive behavior and lack of specific treatment options. Spindle cell carcinomas of the breast are typically "Triple Negative" and have distinct clinical, radiographic and pathological characteristics. We present, in this report, the case of a woman diagnosed with spindle cell carcinoma of the breast, and review the literature on this rare but intriguing disease.

A temporary social parasite of tropical plant-ants improves the fitness of a myrmecophyte.

Myrmecophytes offer plant-ants a nesting place in exchange for protection from their enemies, particularly defoliators. These obligate ant-plant mutualisms are common model systems for studying factors that allow horizontally transmitted mutualisms to persist since parasites of ant-myrmecophyte mutualisms exploit the rewards provided by host plants whilst providing no protection in return. In pioneer formations in French Guiana, Azteca alfari and Azteca ovaticeps are known to be mutualists of myrmecophytic Cecropia (Cecropia ants).

Addressing the excess breast cancer mortality in Filipino women in Hawai'i through AANCART, an NCI community network program.

Filipino women are more likely to die of breast cancer than their major Asian American counterparts even though they do not have the highest incidence of that cancer. Analysis showed that they have a more advanced stage at the time of diagnosis and they have low rates of compliance to mammography guidelines, both of which factors may contribute to their high mortality rate. A broad based but targeted breast cancer awareness effort was directed to Filipino women, which included involving the media, the training of key community leaders, and the development of partnerships with health organizations with a like mission.

Deformable curvature and beam scanning with an elastomeric concave grating actuated by a shape memory alloy.

A concave diffraction grating with a tunable radius of curvature R is fabricated by embedding a nitinol wire within an elastomeric grating replica. Curvature of the grating is controlled via the shape memory effect, where strain in the wire is recovered due to martensite-austenite phase transformations induced by resistive heating. The generated force bends the grating into a variable curvature determined by applied current.

Diversity and physiology of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing and -degrading strains in microbial mats.

Photosynthetic microbial mats are sources of microbial diversity and physiological strategies that reflect the physical and metabolic interactions between their resident species. This study focused on the diversity and activity of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing and -degrading bacteria and their close partnership with cyanobacteria in an estuarine and a hypersaline microbial mat. The aerobic heterotrophic population was characterized on the basis of lipid biomarkers (respiratory quinones, sphingoid bases), polyhydroxyalkanoate determination, biochemical analysis of the isolates, and interaction assays.

Intact phospholipid and quinone biomarkers to assess microbial diversity and redox state in microbial mats.

Microbial mats are stratified microbial communities composed by highly inter-related populations and therefore are frequently chosen as model systems to study diversity and ecophysiological strategies. The present study describes an integrated approach to analyze microbial quinones and intact polar lipids (IPLs) in microbial mats within layers as thin as 500 microm by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Quinone profiles revealed important depth-related differences in community composition in two mat systems.