Interferon gamma, TGF-β1 and RANTES expression in upper airway samples from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.

Upper respiratory tract is the primary site of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Releasing of pro and anti-inflammatory mediators plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to evaluate the early inflammatory response in upper airway by measuring of IFN-γ, TGF-β1 and RANTES at mRNA level.

[Seroepidemiological surveillance of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) types 2 and 3 in an infantile population selected in Havana City].

The presence of antibodies against human parainfluenza viruses type 2 and 3 was studied in 1 793 sera from an infantile population under 14 years old. The hemagglutination inhibition technique was used for screening the clinical samples. Of the total of analyzed sera, 1 382 (77.