A new type of modified Essix Retainer for anterior open bite retention.

The most problematic malocclusion type to retain is anterior open bite although many classical retention appliances are known. The difficulty of maintaining the occlusion arises from the lack of control over the tongue behavior and posture in open bite cases. In the current article, a 2 year follow-up of 2 open-bite patients who were retained with a new type of retention appliance, successfully, were presented.

Effect of prolonged administration of bovine lactoferrin in neuropathic pain: involvement of opioid receptors, nitric oxide and TNF-alpha.

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of prolonged administration of bovine milk lactoferrin (bLF) on hyperalgesia and allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain and to determine the involvement of c-Fos, TNF-alpha, nitric oxide and opioidergic systems in this effect.

Main Methods: Neuropathic pain was induced in rats by loose ligation of the right sciatic nerve and evaluated by tests measuring the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia. bLF (50, 100, and 200mg/kg) alone or in combination with opioidergic antagonists were administered intraperitoneally to the rats with neuropathic pain.

Internal kinematics of the tongue in relation to muscle activity and jaw movement in the pig.

To explore the coordinative characteristics of tongue deformation, muscle activity and jaw movement during feeding, six ultrasonic crystals were implanted into the tongue body of ten 12-week-old Yucatan minipigs 1 week before the recording. These crystals formed a wedge-shaped configuration to allow recording dimensional changes in lengths, anterior and posterior widths and posterior thicknesses of the tongue body during feeding. Wire electromyographic activities (EMG) of superior and inferior longitudinalis, verticalis/transversus, genioglossus, styloglossus, masseter and digastricus and jaw movements were recorded simultaneously.

Morphology and innervation of the human cremaster muscle in relation to its function.

The electromyographic properties of the cremaster muscle (CM) are quite different from other skeletal muscles. It shows excessive spontaneous discharges, and the motor unit shape and firing frequency of the CM muscle differ from that of limb muscles. In this study, CM of six adult cadavers and six orchiectomy specimens were used to reveal the detailed histology of the muscle and provide an anatomophysiological explanation for these unusual electromyographic properties.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase and c-fos expression in spinal cord neurons following noxious stimulation.

Objective: To investigate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and fos expression in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons following noxious peripheral stimulation.

Methods: Expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos and nitric oxide containing neurons one hour after unilateral formalin injection to the dorsal hind paw was investigated in rat lumbar spinal cord, using fos immunohistochemistry and NADPH-d histochemical techniques. The experiments were performed in 2004 and 2006 at Ege University Center for Brain Research in Izmir, Turkey.

Morphometry of the cervical vertebral pedicles as a guide for transpedicular screw fixation.

Anatomical measurements of the cervical pedicle in a large series of human cervical vertebrae from 48 individuals were obtained to reduce the incidence and severity of complications caused by transpedicular screw placement. The greatest pedicle length was at C-3 and the greatest pedicle width was at C-6. Pedicle width and lateral mass thickness gradually increased from C-3 to C-6.

Roles of intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles in feeding: electromyographic study in pigs.

The performance of tongue muscles in various feeding behaviours is not well defined. This study was undertaken to examine the role of the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles during natural drinking, food ingestion and chewing. Ten 12-week-old Yucatan miniature pigs (5 in each gender) were used.

Tongue deformation, jaw movement and muscle activity during mastication in pigs.

This study was undertaken to address the lack of information about tongue functional deformation in relation to jaw movement and muscle activity. Dimensional changes in tongue anterior and base widths, body length and base thickness were measured using six ultrasonic crystals implanted into the tongue in eight Yucatan minipigs. Jaw movements were captured on videotape and digitized, and electromyography (EMG) of tongue intrinsic (verticalis/transversus [V/T], superior and inferior longitudinalis [SL, IL]), extrinsic (genioglossus and styloglossus [GG, SG) and jaw (masseter and digastricus [MA, DI]) muscles were recorded.

Comparative morphometry of the lower lumbar vertebrae: osteometry in dry bones and computed tomography images of patients with and without low back pain.

Various factors affect the development of the vertebral canal. The dimensions of the vertebral canal and the intervertebral foramen can be altered by these factors before or after birth. Sex differences in dimensions have also been reported.

Incidence and morphology of the accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus muscle (Gantzer`s muscle) in a Turkish population.

Objective: To present the incidence, morphology, and the relationships of the accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus (Gantzer`s) muscle (AHFPL) in a recent Turkish population.

Methods: The study was performed on 52 upper extremities of 26 adult Turkish cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey in 2005. In our dissections, the prevalence and anatomical morphology of the AHFPL including muscle shape, origin and insertion point, and its relation to the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) was examined.

Temperature rise during orthodontic bonding with various light-curing units--an in vitro study.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the temperature changes in the pulp chamber during bracket bonding using three different light sources. Bracket bonding was performed on one lower first premolar and one lower central incisor at two different distances (surface and 10 mm). The measurements were taken with a J-type thermocouple wire, placed in the pulp chamber and connected to a data logger.

Topographic anatomy of the fornix as a guide for the transcallosal-interforniceal approach with a special emphasis on sex differences.

The topographic anatomy and morphometry of the fornix is important for standardizing the transcallosal-interforniceal approach and avoiding memory disturbances. The detailed morphometry of the fornix was investigated with a special emphasis on sex differences using midsagittal magnetic resonance imaging of 80 males and 102 females. Various parameters of the fornix, including the length of the upper and lower fornices, the curvature of the upper and lower fornices, and the insertion point of the fornix to corpus callosum, were investigated.

Tooth-size ratio for patients requiring 4 first premolar extractions.

Introduction: The relationship between total mesiodistal widths of the maxillary and mandibular teeth is an important factor in orthodontic treatment planning. The purposes of this article are to report a mathematical tooth-size ratio specifically designed for patients needing the extraction of 4 first premolars and to compare the anterior "6" and overall "12" ratio values reported by Bolton with the calculated anterior "6" and overall "10" ratio values obtained from data in this study.

Methods: This study was conducted in 3 phases.

Variations in sphenoid sinus anatomy with special emphasis on pneumatization and endoscopic anatomic distances.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to present the morphometry and pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus in detail for the neurosurgeon for transnasal approach to the hypophyseal tumors and especially for functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Methods: One hundred and eighty midsagittal magnetic resonance images, 48 bones and 29 hemi-sectioned cadaveric heads obtained from Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Anatomy and Radiology were used in 2003. The sphenoid sinuses were classified into sellar, pre-sellar, conchal and post-sellar types according to the extent of their posterior limits.

The cranio-orbital foramen, the groove on the lateral wall of the human orbit, and the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery.

The cranio-orbital foramen, a foramen in the lateral wall of the orbit, contains an anastomosis between the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery and the lacrimal artery. Previous workers have speculated that the groove starting either from the cranio-orbital foramen or the lateral extremity of the superior orbital fissure contains the anastomotic artery. We investigated the cranio-orbital foramen and the groove on the lateral wall of the orbit in a series of 170 dried adult human skulls, and the course of the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery in 74 specimens from 37 cadavers.

Heights of the cerebral falx. Surgical and clinical implications.

Objective: Variations in the shape and size of the cerebral falx can embarrass the surgical treatment of lesions in and around the falx. In this study, anatomy and morphometry of the cerebral falx in adult cadaveric specimens were examined to enable easy approach during surgery.

Methods: Fifty-two adult cadaver cerebral hemispheres with dura from the cadaver collection of the Department of Anatomy, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine were examined in 2003.

Morphometry of the anterior third ventricle region as a guide for the transcallosal-interforniceal approach.

The transcallosal-interforniceal approach is the most appropriate approach to localize and totally remove space-occupying lesions around the anterior third ventricle region such as craniopharyngiomas and gliomas. This study examined the microsurgical anatomy of the normal anterior third ventricle region in 81 adult cadaver hemispheres. The central sulcus was identified and surface landmarks determined as the points 5 cm (P5) and 7 cm anterior to the central sulcus (P7).

Expression of c-Fos and NADPH-d after peripheral noxious stimulation in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.

The participation of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in descending pain control mechanisms has been proposed. The aim of this study was to investigate NADPH-d and c-Fos reactivity in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus following noxious peripheral stimulation. Formalin induced hind paw inflammation in the rat resulted in bilateral increase of Fos and NADPH-d expression in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.

Anatomy of the clinoidal region with special emphasis on the caroticoclinoid foramen and interclinoid osseous bridge in a recent Turkish population.

In this study we present the incidence of caroticoclinoid foramen and interclinoid osseous bridge and some topographic aspects regarding the clinoidal internal carotid artery (ICA) in a recent Turkish population to provide a guide for neurosurgeons in any surgical approach, especially to the cavernous sinus. One hundred nineteen adult dry skulls and 52 adult cadaveric heads were used for this purpose. Caroticoclinoid foramen and the interclinoid osseous bridge were divided into three types based on the classification of Keyers [13].

Morphometry of the anterior third ventricle region as a guide for the subfrontal (translaminaterminalis) approach.

The anterior third ventricle region acquires clinical significance in benign and malignant tumors and cyst formations, of which craniopharyngiomas and gliomas are the most common. The subfrontal approach is one of the most preferred approaches for removing these tumors. In this study, the microsurgical anatomy of 81 Turkish, adult cadaveric hemispheres was examined to provide morphometric data of the region.

Asymmetric maxillary expansion (AMEX) appliance for treatment of true unilateral posterior crossbite.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an asymmetrical maxillary expansion (AMEX) appliance. Patients with true unilateral posterior crossbites were included in the study. The treatment group consisted of 18 patients who had a mean age of 14 +/- 2.

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus bony variations: a computed tomographic study.

Variations of the nasal cavity are very important for the otolaryngologist in functional endoscopic sinus surgery. To provide data on bony variations of this region, we performed high resolution computed tomography images of paranasal sinuses on 82 adult patients without sinus pathology and on 90 adult patients with sinus disease. We observed paradoxical curvature of the middle concha in 11 (12.

Neuro-arterial relations in the region of the optic canal.

In this paper, we present the results of our investigations on the neuro-arterial relations in the region of the optic canal. A thorough knowledge of the microanatomic features of the ophthalmic artery, optic canal and optic nerve is very important for surgeons approaching lesions of this area. We aimed to extend our present knowledge of the origin of the ophthalmic artery and microsurgical anatomy of the optic canal with exposure of the optic nerve.