Geophysical evidence for an enriched molten silicate layer above Mars's core.

The detection of deep reflected S waves on Mars inferred a core size of 1,830 ± 40 km (ref. ), requiring light-element contents that are incompatible with experimental petrological constraints. This estimate assumes a compositionally homogeneous Martian mantle, at odds with recent measurements of anomalously slow propagating P waves diffracted along the core-mantle boundary.

Surface waves and crustal structure on Mars.

We detected surface waves from two meteorite impacts on Mars. By measuring group velocity dispersion along the impact-lander path, we obtained a direct constraint on crustal structure away from the InSight lander. The crust north of the equatorial dichotomy had a shear wave velocity of approximately 3.

Geometry and Segmentation of Cerberus Fossae, Mars: Implications for Marsquake Properties.

The NASA InSight mission to Mars successfully landed on 26 November 2018 in Elysium Planitia. It aims to characterize the seismic activity and aid in the understanding of the internal structure of Mars. We focus on the Cerberus Fossae region, a giant fracture network ∼1,200 km long situated east of the InSight landing site where M ∼3 marsquakes were detected during the past 2 years.

Seismic detection of the martian core.

Clues to a planet's geologic history are contained in its interior structure, particularly its core. We detected reflections of seismic waves from the core-mantle boundary of Mars using InSight seismic data and inverted these together with geodetic data to constrain the radius of the liquid metal core to 1830 ± 40 kilometers. The large core implies a martian mantle mineralogically similar to the terrestrial upper mantle and transition zone but differing from Earth by not having a bridgmanite-dominated lower mantle.

Supporting children of parents with intellectual disability: A scoping review.

Background: Parents with intellectual disability live normal lives and have children, but many of them lose custody of their children. However, little is known about the support, if any, that these children receive. Here, the present authors review the literature on the help and support given to children of parents with intellectual disability.

[Comparative study of MDCK and CaCo-2 cell lines for influenza virus isolation].

Study of effectiveness of CaCo-2 cell line for influenza virus isolation was carried out. It was shown that the properties of this cell line strongly depended on the source of its origin and cultivation conditions. The infectious activity of the influenza viruses on CaCo-2 cell line was virtually the same as in the MDCK cell line.

[Evolutionary variability of influenza B viruses in Russian Federation in 2005-2012].

Specific traits of influenza B viruses circulation in Russia and worldwide in 2005-2012 were studied and the amount of influenza B viruses in the whole population of influenza viruses isolated in Russia was estimated. The trend toward antigenic drift for both Victoria and Yamagata lineages was characterized. The genetic analysis revealed amino acid changes that influenced the antigenic properties of the viruses.

[Development of influenza surveillance in Russia in the system of the WHO national influenza center].

Analysis of development influenza activity season 2010-2011 is presented. Significant participation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and influenza B of Victoria lineage virus in the epidemic morbidity structure with minor participation ofA(H3N2) virus was revealed. The influenza viruses isolated in Russia according to antigenic properties were similar to the strains included in the vaccine composition.

[Molecular-biological properties of the rubella virus strains isolated in St. Petersburg].

In the surveillance of rubella in the northwest region of Russia samples of nasopharyngeal swabs from 37 patients with rubella, which were treated in the 442nd district military hospital named after Z.P. Solovyov in autumn 2007 were screened for the rubella virus using RK-13 cell line, 22 strains of rubella virus were isolated.

[Comparative study of the differential susceptibility of different cell lines to pandemic H1N1v influenza viruses and avian influenza, swine influenza, and human influenza viruses].

The proliferation characteristics of influenza viruses of different origin were tested in various human and animal cell cultures. Pandemic H1N1v influenza and swine influenza viruses were shown to have a low infectious activity in virtually all the test lines. In spite of this, the replication of this group of viruses may be detected by de novo NP synthesis.

[Analysis of pandemic influenza in Russia as a part of the global process based on data of an influenza monitoring reference center].

Aim: Characterization of features of influenza pandemic development in Russia in relation to global process.

Materials And Methods: Pandemic monitoring was performed by using results of integrative analysis of laboratory diagnostic and population morbidity data from 49 supporting bases of Federal center of influenza from various cities in Russian Federation. Isolation of influenza virus was carried out in MDCK cells and chicken embryos under BSL-3 conditions.

[Pandemic influenza 2009 in Russia. Characteristics of the isolation and biological properties of viruses].

Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia, Saint Petersburg The characteristics of the isolation of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)v viruses were studied on chick embryos (CE) and MDCK cell culture. The materials (nasal swabs and autopsies) were collected in different regions Russia in the period from 20 July to 30 December 2009. The paper gives the data of the antigenic analysis of isolates, their capacity to multiply in different species-specific and tissue cell cultures.

[The 2009 pandemic influenza in Russia. I. Diagnosis and molecular biological characteristics of the virus].

The analysis of 1558 clinical samples revealed influenza virus A(H1N1v) RNA in 339 patients with influenza and 163 fatal cases,which was made in May to December 2009. Data on the antigenic properties of more than 250 of pandemic virus strains isolated at the Research Institute of Influenza and the molecular genetic characteristics of 31 strains are presented. All the test isolates were found to have the S203 substitution in hemagglutinin, which was characteristic of one of 5 minor genome A(H1N1v) virus variants found in the United States and Mexico in 2009.

[Etiological characteristics of the influenza epidemics of 2006-2009 in the Russian Federation (according to the data of the Research Institute of Influenza, North-Western Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences)].

The basic trends in the evolution of influenza A and B in the Russian Federation during the epidemic seasons of 2006-2009 were studied on the basis of an antigenic analysis of 1774 Influenza isolated at the Research Institute of Influenza (RII), North-Western Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, and sent from resting bases (the regional centers of the Russian Inspectorate for the Protection of Consumer Rights and Human Welfare, which collaborate with the RII). Although the trends in the substitution of representative strains generally coincide with the world patterns, the authors revealed some specific features of the antigenic drift of influenza viruses in the Russian Federation and regional varieties. Data on some biological properties and those of the antigenic analysis of the first pandemic influenza A(H1NI)v strains isolated at the RII from Saint Petersburg patients in July-August 2009 are also given in the paper.

[Epidemic process of rubella during mass vaccination of children].

Aim: To reveal features of rubella epidemic process during start of mass immunization and to determine rubella virus genotypes circulating in Saint-Petersburg.

Materials And Methods: Official data on rubella morbidity during 1995-2007 and number of vaccinated against rubella children and adults were used in this study. During 2006-2008 males aged 17-20 years with rubella diagnosis were eligible for laboratory test on rubella.

Synthesis and biological activity of water-soluble polymer complexes of arbidol.

We have synthesized water-soluble complexes between the antiviral drug arbidol and polymer compounds with molecular masses of 19-31 kDa representing copolymers of acrylamide (AA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AAMPS). The complexes are less toxic than arbidol and retain the high level of antiviral activity of this drug. The content of arbidol in the obtained complexes is within 26.

[Antiviral action of some antioxidants/antihypoxants and their combinations with remantadine against human influenza A(H3N2) virus studied in in vitro models].

The possible antiviral activity of preparations with antioxidant and/or antihypoxant properties was studied on two in vitro models of influenza infection: (i) in cultures of chorio-allantoic membranes of chicken embryos and (ii) in MDCK cells. Preparations under study were hypoxene, reduced glutathione, dihydroquercetin, trolox, coenzyme Q10, and the enzymatic preparation of superoxide-dismutase (recsod). Preparations possessing combined antioxidant/antihypoxic and detoxicating properties (reduced glutathione and hypoxene) produced a significant antiviral effect and enhanced the antiviral effect of rimantadine.

Etiology of influenza viruses isolated in Russia from 1998 up to present time.

Influenza epidemic events in Russia from 1998 up to 2005 were associated with the circulation of influenza A (H3N2), A (H1N1) and B viruses. The antigenic analysis revealed that the evolution of A (H3N2) viruses proceeded as following: A/Sydney/05/97-->A/Panama/2007/99-->A/Fujian/411/02-->A/Wellington/01/04; A (H1N1) viruses: A/Bayern/07/95-->A/Bejing/262/95-->A/New Caledonia/20/99; B viruses evolved as two distinct lineages: Victoria- and Yamagata-like viruses. Our results have shown that the evolution in Russia coincided the World trends.

[Development and application of immunoenzyme test-system for the diagnosis of acute cytomegalovirus infection].

Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of IgM antibodies to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been developed. Use of horseradish peroxidase conjugated monoclonal antibodies to human IgM helped create a highly specific test system. The rheumatoid factor was removed from the serum by staphylococcal reagent containing protein A.

[The genomic variability of adenovirus serotype 7].

Genetic heterogeneity and evolutionary relationships among selected strains of adenovirus type 7 (Ad7) isolated in the former USSR were examined using the restriction endonuclease Cfr131 with a 4-base recognition cleavage site. The population of adenovirus type 7 showed less expressed genome polymorphism and significant structural distinctions as compared with that of adenovirus type 3. The Ad7 evolution in the USSR (1976-1988) independent on that demonstrated in other countries is discussed.

[Changes in central hemodynamics in persons with borderline arterial hypertension during work-related activities].

Changes in the function of the cardiovascular system were studied in 30-39- and 40-49-year-old healthy subjects and patients with borderline arterial hypertension (BAH) who worked 8 or 12 hours every day. During an 8-hour working day, altered central hemodynamics was shown to be detected both in healthy subjects and BAH patients only at the age of 30-39 years and reflected by higher stroke volume (SV), higher cardiac output (CO) and lower total peripheral resistance (TPR) in healthy subjects and diminished heart rate (HR), CO in BAH patients. With this, the distribution of hemocirculatory patterns remained the same as it had been before work.