Salmonella Biomapping of a Commercial Broiler Hatchery.

Poultry-associated salmonellosis results in significant costs to poultry producers and consumers. Given the vertically integrated nature of the United States poultry industry, a better understanding of Salmonella ecology throughout all levels of poultry production is essential. One nexus point is the hatchery, where eggs from multiple broiler breeder farms are incubated and hatched, with the chicks being sent to numerous farms; therefore, the hatchery represents an ideal area to understand preharvest Salmonella ecology and flow.

16S amplicon-based microbiome biomapping of a commercial broiler hatchery.

Hatcheries, where eggs from multiple breeder farms are incubated and hatched before being sent to different broiler farms, represent a nexus point in the commercial production of broilers in the United States. Considering all downstream microbial quality and safety aspects of broiler production (live production, processing, consumer use) can be potentially affected by the hatchery, a better understanding of microbial ecology within commercial hatcheries is essential. Therefore, a commercial broiler hatchery was biomapped using 16S rRNA amplicon-based microbiome analyses of four sample type categories (Air, Egg, Water, Facility) across five different places in the pre-hatch, hatch, and post-hatch areas.

Fibroblasts transfection by electroporation in 3D reconstructed human dermal tissue.

The understanding of the mechanisms involved in DNA electrotransfer in human skin remains modest and limits the clinical development of various biomedical applications, such as DNA vaccination. To elucidate some mechanisms of DNA transfer in the skin following electroporation, we created a model of the dermis using a tissue engineering approach. This model allowed us to study the electrotransfection of fibroblasts in a three-dimensional environment that included multiple layers of fibroblasts as well as the self-secreted collagen matrix.

Serotype Screening of Subspecies I by Intergenic Sequence Ribotyping (ISR): Critical Updates.

(1) Background: Foodborne illness from subspecies I is most associated with approximately 32 out of 1600 serotypes. While whole genome sequencing and other nucleic acid-based methods are preferred for serotyping, they require expertise in bioinformatics and often submission to an external agency. Intergenic Sequence Ribotyping (ISR) assigns serotype to in coordination with information freely available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Through the Looking Glass: Genome, Phenome, and Interactome of .

This review revisits previous concepts on biological phenomenon contributing to the success of the subspecies I as a pathogen and expands upon them to include progress in epidemiology based on whole genome sequencing (WGS). Discussion goes beyond epidemiological uses of WGS to consider how phenotype, which is the biological character of an organism, can be correlated with its genotype to develop a knowledge of the interactome. Deciphering genome interactions with proteins, the impact of metabolic flux, epigenetic modifications, and other complex biochemical processes will lead to new therapeutics, control measures, environmental remediations, and improved design of vaccines.

Tissue Colonization and Egg and Environmental Contamination Associated with the Experimental Infection of Cage-Free Laying Hens with Braenderup.

In 2018, a national recall of shell eggs in the United States occurred due to human illness caused by Braenderup. Although previous studies have identified Braenderup in laying hens and the production environment, little is known about the ability of this serovar to infect laying hens and contaminate eggs. The objective of this study was to examine the invasiveness of Braenderup in laying hens as well as its ability to persist in the production environment.

AT Homopolymer Strings in Subspecies I Contribute to Speciation and Serovar Diversity.

Adenine and thymine homopolymer strings of at least 8 nucleotides (AT 8+mers) were characterized in subspecies I. The motif differed between other taxonomic classes but not between serovars. The motif in plasmids was possibly associated with serovar.

Horizontal Gene Transfer Is the Main Driver of Antimicrobial Resistance in Broiler Chicks Infected with Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg.

The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in clinical settings and in food production have been linked to the increased prevalence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AR). Consequently, public health and consumer concerns have resulted in a remarkable reduction in antibiotics used for food animal production. However, there are no data on the effectiveness of antibiotic removal in reducing AR shared through horizontal gene transfer (HGT).

The occurrence of Salmonella, extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and carbapenem resistant non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria in a backyard poultry flock environment.

Increase in the number of small-scale backyard poultry flocks in the USA has substantially increased human-to-live poultry contact, leading to increased public health risks of the transmission of multi-drug resistant (MDR) zoonotic and food-borne bacteria. The objective of this study was to detect the occurrence of Salmonella and MDR Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in the backyard poultry flock environment. A total of 34 backyard poultry flocks in Washington State (WA) were sampled.

A Microbiomic Analysis of a Pasture-Raised Broiler Flock Elucidates Foodborne Pathogen Ecology Along the Farm-To-Fork Continuum.

While conventionally grown poultry continues to dominate the U. S. poultry industry, there is an increasing demand for locally-grown, "all natural" alternatives.

Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of cationic organoruthenium(ii) fluorene complexes: influence of the nature of the counteranion.

In this study, five ruthenium arene complexes with fluorene-bearing N,N-(1) and N,O-(2) donor Schiff base ligands were synthesized and fully characterized. Cationic ruthenium complexes 3[X], ([Ru(η-CH)(Cl)(fluorene-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-pyridine)][X] (where X = BF, PF, BPh), were obtained by reacting ligand 1 with [Ru(η-CH)Cl] in the presence of NHX salts, whereas neutral complex 4, Ru(η-CH)(Cl)(fluorene-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-naphtholate), was isolated by reacting ligand 2 with the same precursor. It was possible to obtain a cationic version of the latter, 5[BF], by reacting 4 with AgBF in the presence of pyridine.

Genome sequence analysis of 91 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from mice caught on poultry farms in the mid 1990s.

A total of 91 draft genome sequences were used to analyze isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis obtained from feral mice caught on poultry farms in Pennsylvania. One objective was to find mutations disrupting open reading frames (ORFs) and another was to determine if ORF-disruptive mutations were present in isolates obtained from other sources. A total of 83 mice were obtained between 1995-1998.

Genomic organization and role of SPI-13 in nutritional fitness of Salmonella.

Salmonella pathogenicity island 13 (SPI-13) contributes to the virulence of Salmonella. The majority of the SPI-13 genes encode proteins putatively involved in bacterial metabolism, however, their functions largely remain uncharacterized. It is currently unknown if SPI-13 contributes to metabolic fitness of Salmonella and, if so, what are the metabolic substrates for the protein encoded by genes within SPI-13.

Anticancer Activity and Catalytic Potential of Ruthenium(II)-Arene Complexes with N,O-Donor Ligands.

The special ability of organometallic complexes to catalyze various transformations might offer new effective mechanisms for the treatment of cancer. Studies that report both the biological properties and the ability of metallic complexes to promote therapeutically relevant catalytic reactions are limited. Herein, we report the anticancer activity and catalytic potential of some ruthenium(II)-arene complexes bearing bidentate Schiff base ligands (2a and 2b) and their reduced analogues (5a and 5b, respectively).

Multiplication in Egg Yolk and Survival in Egg Albumen of Genetically and Phenotypically Characterized Salmonella Enteritidis Strains.

Prompt refrigeration of eggs to prevent the multiplication of Salmonella Enteritidis to high levels during storage is an important practice for reducing the risk of egg-transmitted human illness. The efficacy of egg refrigeration for achieving this goal depends on the interaction among the location of contamination, the ability of contaminant strains to survive or multiply, and the rate at which growth-restricting temperatures are attained. The present study assessed the significance of several characterized genetic and phenotypic properties for the capabilities of 10 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates to multiply rapidly in egg yolk and survive for several days in egg albumen during unrefrigerated (25°C) storage.

Serotyping of Isolated from Mice Caught on US Poultry Farms 1995 through 1998.

In this study, a collection of subspecies obtained from live mice caught on 32 poultry farms in the Northeast US between 1995 to 1998 was evaluated to provide a historical reference for serotype distribution during a time when egg contamination by serotype Enteritidis was at its peak. Of 821 mice cultured, 157 were positive (19.1%).

Complete Genome Sequence of a Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Kentucky Sequence Type 198 Strain, PU131, Isolated from a Human Patient in Washington State.

Strains of the ciprofloxacin-resistant (Cip) subsp. serovar Kentucky sequence type 198 (ST198) have rapidly and extensively disseminated globally to become a major food safety and public health concern. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a Cip Kentucky ST198 strain, PU131, isolated from a human patient in Washington State (USA).

Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Salmonella Serovars from Milk and Chicken Meat by Real-Time PCR Using Unique Genomic Target Regions.

A novel genomic and plasmid target-based PCR platform was developed for the detection of Salmonella serovars Heidelberg, Dublin, Hadar, Kentucky, and Enteritidis. Unique genome loci were obtained through extensive genome mining of protein databases and comparative genomic analysis of these serovars. Assays targeting Salmonella serovars Hadar, Heidelberg, Kentucky, and Dublin had 100% specificity and sensitivity, whereas those for Salmonella Enteritidis had 97% specificity and 88% sensitivity.

Frequency and Duration of Fecal Shedding of Salmonella Serovars Heidelberg and Typhimurium by Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at Different Stocking Densities.

Eggs contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis are leading sources of human salmonellosis, but Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium are also egg-associated pathogens. The management practices and housing facilities characterizing different systems for housing commercial egg flocks can influence Salmonella persistence and transmission. Animal welfare aspects of poultry housing have been widely debated, but their food safety ramifications are not thoroughly understood.

Draft Genome Sequences of 64 Serotype Enteritidis Isolates Obtained from Wild Mice.

serotype Enteritidis is a foodborne pathogen of global concern, because it is frequently isolated from foods and patients. Draft genome sequences are reported here for 64  Enteritidis strains isolated from the intestines and spleens of mice caught live on chicken farms in the U.S.

Colonization of internal organs by Salmonella serovars Heidelberg and Typhimurium in experimentally infected laying hens housed in enriched colony cages at different stocking densities.

Contaminated eggs produced by infected commercial laying flocks are often implicated as sources of human infections with Salmonella Enteritidis, but Salmonella serovars Heidelberg and Typhimurium have also been associated with egg-transmitted illness. Contamination of the edible contents of eggs is a consequence of the colonization of reproductive tissues in systemically infected hens. In recent years, the animal welfare implications of diverse poultry housing and management systems have been vigorously debated, but the food safety significance of laying hen housing remains uncertain.

Population dynamics and antimicrobial resistance of the most prevalent poultry-associated Salmonella serotypes.

Salmonella spp. is the most predominant bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. Due to the risk of human infection associated with poultry products and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, Salmonella also poses a significant challenge to commercial poultry production.