Exploring the standardization of human nasal antibody measurements.

Mucosal immunity is crucial for preventing the infection and transmission of respiratory viruses. Nasal antibody is inversely correlated with a lower risk of infection with respiratory viruses. However, the current reference standard for nasal antibody assessment is serum-based, mainly consisting of monomeric IgG and IgA.

Characterizing two novel goose parvoviruses with different origins.

Outbreaks of short beak dwarf syndrome caused by novel goose parvovirus (NGPV) have been prevalent in China since 2015, resulting in a high mortality rate of ducks. Herein we evaluated differences between two NGPV strains: Muscovy duck-origin (AH190917-RP: MD17) and Cherry Valley duck-origin (JS191021-RP: CVD21) NGPV. Both of them showed certain level of pathogenicity to primary duck embryo fibroblasts, Cherry Valley duck embryos and ducklings.