The β integrin EGF domains support a constitutive extended conformation, and the cytoplasmic domain impairs outside-in signaling.

Integrins are transmembrane proteins that transmit bi-directional signals across the cell membrane through global structural rearrangement among three different conformational states: bent, extended- closed, and extended-open conformations. However, the β integrin is distinctive and may adopt only one conformation, that is, extended-closed conformation, with high affinity for ligands under physiological conditions, and may not transmit bi-directional signals like other integrin members. It is unclear how different β domains affect its unique conformation and signaling.

Effects of the association of the α β lower legs on integrin ligand binding.

Many integrins transmit signals through global conformational changes. However, it is unclear whether integrin α β adopts a similar mechanism during integrin activation and signaling on the cell surface. Here, we showed that disulfide-bonded mutants, which prevented integrin α β lower leg dissociation, bound ligands with similar level as the wild-type protein, suggesting that α β ligand binding did not require lower leg disassociation.

Atypical structure and function of integrin α β.

Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that play important roles in various biological processes. Most integrins serve as adhesion molecules and transmit bidirectional signaling across the cell membrane through global conformational changes from the bent closed to the extended open conformation. However, integrin β is distinctive in structure and function.

CRISPR/Cas technology promotes the various application of Dunaliella salina system.

Dunaliella salina (D. salina) has been widely applied in various fields because of its inherent advantages, such as the study of halotolerant mechanism, wastewater treatment, recombinant proteins expression, biofuel production, preparation of natural materials, and others. However, owing to the existence of low yield or in the laboratory exploration stage, D.

An exploration of the rapid transformation method for Dunaliella salina system.

As a new expression system, Dunaliella salina (D. salina) has bright prospects and applications in various fields. However, its application is currently restricted because of the low expression and instability of foreign gene in D.

Meta-analysis of antiviral protection of white spot syndrome virus vaccine to the shrimp.

Currently, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most serious pathogens that impacts shrimp farming around the world. A WSSV vaccine provides a significant protective benefit to the host shrimp. Although various types of vaccines against WSSV have emerged, the immune effects among them were not compared, and it remains unclear which type of vaccine has the strongest protective effect.