Review on synthesis of lactic acid and lactates from biomass derived carbohydrates via heterogeneous catalysis.

The utilization of renewable lignocellulosic biomass resources is a promising solution to deal with the deficit of fossil resources and the associated environmental concerns. Among diverse biomass-derived products, lactic acid (LA) stands out as one of the most successful commodities and also a platform to connect raw biomass feedstocks with value-added chemicals and degradable polymers. Herein, we critically review the recent advances in the design and development of base, acid, and multifunctional catalytic systems for the conversion of different carbohydrates to LA and alkyl lactates via chemical routes.

Cervical spine alignment and clinical outcomes after multilevel anterior cervical decompression and fusion with or without plate: A minimal 5-year follow-up of a CONSORT-compliant article.

It was reported imperative on cervical sagittal alignment reconstruction after anterior multilevel procedures with self-locked stand-alone cage (SSC) or anterior cage-with-plate (ACP) system multilevel while there was little knowledge about the relationship on cervical alignment and clinical outcomes.To identify the importance of cervical sagittal alignment after 3-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion on cervical spondylotic myelopathy with SSC and ACP system.Seventy-seven patients with SSC system (SSC group) and 52 cases with ACP system (ACP group) from February 2007 to September 2013 were enrolled with well-matched demographics.

Cervical Spine Balance of Multilevel Total Disc Replacement, Hybrid Surgery, and Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion With A Long-term Follow-up.

Study Design: Comparative study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare cervical alignment among three-level total disc replacement (TDR), two prosthesis with one cage (2D1C), one prosthesis with two cages (1D2C), and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), then identify the importance of cervical balance of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM).

Summary Of Background Data: There were few long-term comparisons on cervical alignment and cervical balance among three-level TDR, 2D1C, 1D2C, and ACDF for CSM.

Exploration on sagittal alignment and clinical outcomes after consecutive three-level hybrid surgery and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a minimum of a 5-year follow-up.

Purpose: To compare sagittal alignment and clinical outcomes between three-level hybrid surgery (HS) and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) on cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) over a 5-year follow-up.

Method: The study included 32 patients with ACDF, 36 patients with 1 prosthesis and 2 cages (HS1 group), and 25 cases with 2 prostheses and 1 cage (HS2 group). Alignment parameters included C2-C7 cervical lordosis (CL), C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA), T1 slope (T1S), and T1S minus CL (T1SCL).

Blood Loss of Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion on Lumbar Stenosis in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case-Control Study.

Study Design: Case-control study.

Objective: To compare intraoperative bleeding, drainage, and hidden blood loss (HBL) of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) on lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and non-RA and identify the risk factors of HBL with RA.

Summary Of Background Data: Exploration on PLIF on LSS and HBL has been reported before while the comparison on total blood loss (TBL), especially HBL of PLIF or PLF on LSS between patients with RA and without RA has not been studied.