Determination of antiviral action of long non-coding RNA loc107051710 during infectious bursal disease virus infection due to enhancement of interferon production.

The functions and profiles of lncRNAs during infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection have not been determined, yet. The objectives of this study were to determine the antiviral action of loc107051710 lncRNA during IBDV infection by investigating the relationship between loc107051710 and IRF8, Type I IFN, STATs, and ISGs. DF-1 cells were either left untreated as non-infected controls (n = 1) or infected with IBDV (n = 3).

Estrogen receptor alpha regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colon cancer by targeting the NOD-like receptors.

It has been reported that estrogen receptors (ERs) participate in carcinogenesis by directly regulating NOD-like receptors (NLRs). However, the expression profiles of ERs and NLRs in tumor and the ER-NLR regulated signaling pathway are not clear. In this study, we summarized gene expression profiles of ERs and NLRs across normal and tumor tissue by comprehensive data mining.

Estrogen receptors participate in carcinogenesis signaling pathways by directly regulating NOD-like receptors.

Increasing evidence indicates that the NOD-like receptors (NLRs) family may act as critical back-up defenses and provide synergistic responses when confronted with persistent danger. However, the precise regulatory mechanism of NLRs and the contribution of NLRs to cancer are still unknown. In our previous study, we found that estrogen receptors (ERs) have a close connection with NLRs in the inflammatory response.

Oral Immunization against PEDV with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei Expressing Dendritic Cell-Targeting Peptide Fusing COE Protein of PEDV in Piglets.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets. In our previous study, a genetically engineered oral vaccine () expressing a dendritic cell (DC)-targeting peptide fused with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) COE antigen was developed. This vaccine induced significant levels of anti-PEDV specific IgG and IgA antibody responses in mice, indicating a potential strategy against PEDV infection.

The neglected avian hepatotropic virus induces acute and chronic hepatitis in ducks: an alternative model for hepatology.

Duck Hepatitis A Virus (DHAV) belongs to the , which is also classified into with , Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). In humans, the pathogenesis of HAV is not well understood because of limited work with animal models. Here, we investigated the progress of duck viral hepatitis caused by DHAV and their potential for dissecting the pathogenesis of HAV.

Viral-host interaction in kidney reveals strategies to escape host immunity and persistently shed virus to the urine.

Hepatitis A virus is one of five types of hepatotropic viruses that cause human liver disease. A similar liver disease is also identified in ducks caused by Duck Hepatitis A virus (DHAV). Notably, many types of hepatotropic viruses can be detected in urine.

The 2A2 protein of Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 induces apoptosis in primary cell culture.

Duck hepatitis A virus type 1, (DHAV-1) 2A2, is one of the most highly conserved viral proteins within the DHAV serotypes. However, its effect on host cells is unclear. We predicted that DHAV-1 2A2 was a GTPase-like protein based on the results of multiple sequence alignment and homologous modeling analysis.

Development and evaluation of indirect ELISAs for the detection of IgG, IgM and IgA1 against duck hepatitis A virus 1.

Duck hepatitis A virus 1 (DHAV-1) is the principal pathogen that causes duck viral hepatitis (DHV), a highly fatal infectious disease in ducklings. Given the importance of the humoral immune response in the clearance of DHAV-1, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (I-ELISAs) to detect immune indices, including IgG, IgM and IgA1, were developed and evaluated in this study. The optimal concentrations of coating-antigen were 1.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Synonymous Codon Usage Patterns in Riemerella anatipestifer.

Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) belongs to the Flavobacteriaceae family and can cause a septicemia disease in poultry. The synonymous codon usage patterns of bacteria reflect a series of evolutionary changes that enable bacteria to improve tolerance of the various environments. We detailed the codon usage patterns of RA isolates from the available 12 sequenced genomes by multiple codon and statistical analysis.

A one-step duplex rRT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of duck hepatitis A virus genotypes 1 and 3.

Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes significant bleeding lesions in the viscera of ducklings less than 3 weeks old. There are three serotypes of DHAV: serotype 1 (DHAV-1), serotype 2 (DHAV-2) and serotype 3 (DHAV-3). These serotypes have no cross-antigenicity with each other.

A phase trial of the oral Lactobacillus casei vaccine polarizes Th2 cell immunity against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus infection.

Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) is a member of the genus Coronavirus, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales. TGEV is an enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes highly fatal acute diarrhoea in newborn pigs. An oral Lactobacillus casei (L.

Influenza A virus acquires enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility after serial passages in swine.

Genetic and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the pandemic H1N1/2009 virus was derived from well-established swine influenza lineages; however, there is no convincing evidence that the pandemic virus was generated from a direct precursor in pigs. Furthermore, the evolutionary dynamics of influenza virus in pigs have not been well documented. Here, we subjected a recombinant virus (rH1N1) with the same constellation makeup as the pandemic H1N1/2009 virus to nine serial passages in pigs.

Hemagglutinin mutation D222N of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus alters receptor specificity without affecting virulence in mice.

The D222N hemagglutinin (HA) mutation within the receptor-binding site was detected with higher frequencies in severe cases of 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pdmH1N1) infections. The impact of this mutation was investigated in vitro and in vivo using recombinant viruses. The recombinant D222N virus grew to significantly lower viral titers than the WT in A549 but not in MDCK cells.

Effects of diethylphthalate and di-(2-ethyl)hexylphthalate on the physiology and ultrastructure of cucumber seedlings.

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are one kind of persistent organic pollutants. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of diethylphthalate (DEP) and di(2-ethyl)hexylphthalate (DEHP) with different concentrations (0, 30, 50, 100, and 200 mg L(-1)) on early seedling growth of Cucumis sativus L. Physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructure of seedling leaves were examined for 7-day exposure.

A shift to Th2 immune response caused by constitutive expression of IPSE/alpha-1 in transfected pig fibroblasts in mice.

The IPSE/alpha-1 gene (IL-4-inducing principle of Schistosoma mansoni eggs) is a major secreted glycoprotein of S. mansoni eggs that has a potent IL-4-inducing effect. To test the hypothesis that the immune evasion mechanism can be used to overcome the xenograft immune response, the IPSE/alpha-1 gene was transferred into pig fibroblasts, and the transgenic cells were transplanted into KM mice by subcutaneously injecting 10(5)cells per mouse.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by a swine 2009 H1N1 variant in mice.

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus has been widely reported and was considered the main cause of death in critically ill patients with 2009 H1N1 infection. However, no animal model has been developed for ARDS caused by infection with 2009 H1N1 virus. Here, we present a mouse model of ARDS induced by 2009 H1N1 virus.

Characterization of an artificial swine-origin influenza virus with the same gene combination as H1N1/2009 virus: a genesis clue of pandemic strain.

Pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza virus, derived from a reassortment of avian, human, and swine influenza viruses, possesses a unique gene segment combination that had not been detected previously in animal and human populations. Whether such a gene combination could result in the pathogenicity and transmission as H1N1/2009 virus remains unclear. In the present study, we used reverse genetics to construct a reassortant virus (rH1N1) with the same gene combination as H1N1/2009 virus (NA and M genes from a Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine virus and another six genes from a North American triple-reassortant H1N2 swine virus).

Cryptosporidium andersoni is the predominant species in post-weaned and adult dairy cattle in China.

Dairy industry plays an important role in the agricultural economy of China. To estimate the prevalence and public health significance of cryptosporidiosis in post-weaned and adult dairy cattle in China, during four consecutive years (from 2006 to 2009), a total of 1315 fecal samples from 22 dairy cattle farms in ten prefectures in Henan Province were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 7.

Transcription phase, protein characteristics of DEV UL45 and prokaryotic expression, antibody preparation of the UL45 des-transmembrane domain.

Background: Some UL45 gene function of Herpesvirus was reported. While there was no any report of the duck enteritis virus (DEV) UL45 protein as yet.

Results: The UL45 gene and des-transmembrane domain of UL45 (named UL45Δ gene, 295-675bp of UL45) of DEV were amplified by PCR and subcloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a(+).

Establishment of a multiplex RT-PCR assay to detect different lineages of swine H1 and H3 influenza A viruses.

Classical swine H1N1, emerging European avian-like H1N1 and human-like H3N2 lineages are co-circulating in the swine population in China. The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay is an effective method for use in influenza surveillance. In this study, a multiplex RT-PCR method was developed for simultaneous identification of hemagglutinin (HA) genes derived from the three lineages of swine influenza viruses.

Expressing gK gene of duck enteritis virus guided by bioinformatics and its applied prospect in diagnosis.

Background: Duck viral enteritis, which is caused by duck enteritis virus (DEV), causes significant economic losses in domestic and wild waterfowls because of the high mortality and low egg production rates. With the purpose of eliminating this disease and decreasing economic loss in the commercial duck industry, researching on glycoprotein K (gK) of DEV may be a new kind of method for preventing and curing this disease. Because glycoproteins project from the virus envelope as spikes and are directly involved in the host immune system and elicitation of the host immune responses, and also play an important role in mediating infection of target cells, the entry into cell for free virus and the maturation or egress of virus.

Expression and intracellular localization of duck enteritis virus pUL38 protein.

Knowledge of the intracellular location of a protein can provide useful insights into its function. Bioinformatic studies have predicted that the DEV pUL38 mainly targets the cytoplasm and nucleus. In this study, we obtained anti-pUL38 polyclonal sera.

Oral vaccination with the porcine rotavirus VP4 outer capsid protein expressed by Lactococcus lactis induces specific antibody production.

The objective of this study to design a delivery system resistant to the gastrointestinal environment for oral vaccine against porcine rotavirus. Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 was transformed with segments of vP4 of the porcine rotavirus inserted into the pNZ8112 surface-expression vector, and a recombinant L. lactis expressing VP4 protein was constructed.

Identification of functional domains in goose interleukin 2.

The cytokine interleukin (IL)-2 functions as a growth factor and central regulator in the immune system. Using a recombinant goose IL-2 (goIL-2) monomer expressed in prokaryotic cells as an immunogen, we synthesized 5 goIL-2 neutralizing mAbs to identify the functional domains of goIL-2, and used these mAbs to finely map the functional domains of the goIL-2 protein. The mimotopes of the 5 anti-goIL-2 mAbs, including HHDPWDXLP, ESLSRXXMXXLXP, SHHLPTSXL, HPDPWDAPLSS, and HEPWQLXL, were identified using a phage display library and peptide-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).