Antimicrobial mechanisms of g-C N @ZnO against oomycetes Phytophthora capsici: from its metabolism, membrane structures and growth.

Background: Phytophthora capsici, a refractory and model oomycete plant pathogen, especially threatens multiple vegetable crops. A limited number of chemical pesticides play a vital role in controlling oomycete plant diseases. However, this approach often leads to excessive use of chemical agent, exacerbates environmental issues and more and more drug-resistant strains of oomycete.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of quinazoline derivatives as Gαq/11 proteins inhibitors against uveal melanoma.

Uveal melanoma (UM) represents the predominant ocular malignancy among adults, exhibiting high malignancy and proclivity for liver metastasis. GNAQ and GNA11 encoding Gαq and Gα11 proteins are key genes to drive UM, making the selective inhibition of Gαq/11 proteins to be a potential therapeutic approach for combating UM. In this study, forty-six quinazoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and assessed for their ability to inhibit Gαq/11 proteins and UM cells.

Discovery of novel indazole derivatives as SOS1 agonists that activate KRAS signaling.

KRAS serves as a vital regulator for cellular signaling and drives tumor pathogenesis after mutation. Despite extensive research efforts spanning several decades, targeting KRAS is still challenging due to the multiple KRAS mutations and the emergence of drug resistance. Interfering the interactions between KRAS and SOS1 is one of the promising approaches for modulating KRAS functions.

Composite g-C N @ZnO NP electrostatic self-assembly: enhanced ROS as a key factor for high-efficiency control of tobacco wildfire disease.

Background: The utilization of non-metallic inorganic nanomaterials for antimicrobial photocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising approach to combat drug-resistant bacteria. Recently, g-C N nanosheets have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional stability, degradability, low cost, and remarkable antibacterial properties. In this study, a facile electrostatic self-assembly approach was utilized to functionalize ZnO nanoparticles with g-C N nanosheets, resulting in the formation of g-C N @ZnO nanoparticle composites.

Antimicrobial mechanisms of ZnO nanoparticles to phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae: Damage of cell envelope, suppression of metabolism, biofilm and motility, and stimulation of stomatal immunity on host plant.

Nanoparticles have recently been employed as a new strategy to act as bactericides in agricultural applications. However, the effects and mechanisms of foliar deposition of nanoparticles on bacterial pathogens, plant physiology and particularly plant immunity have not been sufficiently understood. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of ZnO NPs in controlling of tobacco wildfire caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv.

Additive effect of the Streptomyces albus XJC2-1 and dimethomorph control pepper blight (Capsicum annuum L.).

Background: Pepper blight, caused by Phytophthora capsici, is a destructive soilborne disease, which poses a serious threat to pepper, Capsicum annuum L., production. Chemical fungicides, which mainly are used to control pepper blight, have a negative effect on the environment, rendering biological control as a promising alternative to maintain the balance between ecology and pest management.

Fabrication of polydopamine reduced CuO nanoparticle-alginate composite nanogels for management of Pseudomonas synringae pv. tabaci in tobacco.

Background: The wildfire disease on tobacco can seriously hinder plants. Meanwhile, its pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae, can also infect over 200 plants and threat agriculture production. However, the disease usually occurs after summer rains which washes away most copper (Cu)-based bactericides, allowing the disease to invade.

Identification of novel Pyrrolo[2,3-d]Pyrimidine-based KRAS G12C inhibitors with anticancer effects.

Oncogene KRAS plays predominant roles in human cancers by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Recent progress revealed that directly target KRAS G12C with allosteric inhibitors that covalently bind to the switch Ⅱ pocket is feasible. Herein, series of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized through systematic structural optimization, leading to the discovery of compound 2-((S)-1-acryloyl-4-(2-(((2R,7aS)-2-fluorohexahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)methoxy)-7-methyl-6-(8-methylnaphthalen-1-yl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperazin-2-yl)acetonitrile (50) with high KRAS/SOS1 inhibitory potency (IC = 0.

Polymorphic Microsatellite Development, Genetic Diversity, Population Differentiation and Sexual State of Phytophthora capsici on Commercial Peppers in Three Provinces of Southwest China.

Pepper blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici (P. capsici), is one of the most destructive soilborne diseases worldwide. Between 2019 and 2020, 235 single spore isolates of P.

Toxicity Effects and Mechanisms of MgO Nanoparticles on the Oomycete Pathogen and Its Host .

Engineered nanoparticles have recently been used for innovation in agricultural disease management. However, both the toxicity effects and mechanisms of nanoparticles in target pathogens and their host plants are still largely unknown. Here, we found that magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) could protect potatoes against () at a low dosage (50 μg/mL).

Tobacco mosaic virus hijacks its coat protein-interacting protein IP-L to inhibit NbCML30, a calmodulin-like protein, to enhance its infection.

Calcium is an important plant immune signal that is essential for activating host resistance, but how RNA viruses manipulate calcium signals to promote their infections remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP)-interacting protein L (IP-L) associates with calmodulin-like protein 30 (NbCML30) in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and can suppress its expression at the nucleic acid and protein levels. NbCML30, which lacks the EF-hand conserved domain and cannot bind to Ca , was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus and was downregulated by TMV infection.

Synthesis and evaluation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives as small molecule Gαq/11 inhibitors against uveal melanoma.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is an aggressive malignancy with high mortality in adults and lacks effective systemic therapies. Activating gene mutations related to the Gαq/11 signaling pathway are prevalent in UM, and Gαq/11 inhibitors have shown anti-UM activity in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives as Gαq/11 inhibitors, and discovered GQ352 with the selective antiproliferative activity against UM cells.

Fabrication of copper nanoparticle composite nanogel for high-efficiency management of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci on tobacco.

Background: Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) can release copper ions (Cu ) to control bacterial diseases on crops. However, the high concentration of the CuNPs applied in disease controlling can highly limit their application. In this work, by in situ reducing CuNPs in alginate nanogels and coated with cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC), a CuNP composite nanogel was fabricated as a new nanopesticide with low copper content.

Nicotiana benthamiana asparagine synthetase associates with IP-L and confers resistance against tobacco mosaic virus via the asparagine-induced salicylic acid signalling pathway.

Asparagine synthetase is a key enzyme that catalyses the conversion of amide groups from glutamine or ammonium to aspartate, which leads to the generation of asparagine. However, the role of asparagine synthetase in plant immunity remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a Nicotiana benthamiana asparagine synthetase B (NbAS-B) that associates with tomato mosaic virus coat protein-interacting protein L (IP-L) using the yeast two-hybrid assay and examined its role in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) resistance.

Targeting mutated GTPase KRAS in tumor therapies.

Kirsten rat sarcoma virus oncogene (KRAS) mutation accounts for approximately 85% of RAS-driven cancers, and participates in multiple signaling pathways and mediates cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. KRAS has been considered as an "undruggable" target due to the lack of effective direct inhibitors, although high frequency of KRAS mutations have been identified in multiple carcinomas in the past decades. Encouragingly, the KRAS inhibitor AMG510 (sotorasib), which has been approved for treating NSCLC and CRC recently, makes directly targeting KRAS the most promising strategy for cancer therapy.

Antimicrobial mechanisms of g-CN nanosheets against the oomycetes Phytophthora capsici: Disrupting metabolism and membrane structures and inhibiting vegetative and reproductive growth.

To understand the potential of urea-synthesized g-CN nanosheets (0.125-1 mg/mL) as antimicrobial agents against oomycetes, an investigation of the interaction mechanism between g-CN nanosheets and Phytophthora capsici was conducted. Transcription analysis showed that after being exposed to g-CN nanosheets for 1 h, P.

The photocatalytic antibacterial molecular mechanisms towards Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci by g-C N nanosheets: insights from the cytomembrane, biofilm and motility disruption.

Background: Antibacterial photocatalytic therapy has been employed as a promising strategy to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the water disinfection field, especially some non-metal inorganic nanomaterials. However, their antibacterial activities on plant phytopathogens are poorly understood. Here, the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism of the urea-synthesized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C N nanosheets) against Pseudomonas syringae pv.

Cytidine-to-Uridine RNA Editing Factor NbMORF8 Negatively Regulates Plant Immunity to Pathogens.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts play key roles in plant-pathogen interactions. Cytidine-to-uridine (C-to-U) RNA editing is a critical posttranscriptional modification in mitochondria and chloroplasts that is specific to flowering plants. Multiple organellar RNA-editing factors (MORFs) form a protein family that participates in C-to-U RNA editing, but little is known regarding their immune functions.

Genome-wide analysis of NDR1/HIN1-like genes in pepper ( L.) and functional characterization of under biotic and abiotic stresses.

Plant NDR1/HIN1-like () genes play an important role in triggering plant defenses in response to biotic stresses. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of the genes in pepper ( L.) and characterized the functional roles of these genes in response to abiotic stresses and infection by different pathogens.

Negative regulators of plant immunity derived from cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases are targeted by multiple Phytophthora Avr3a-like effectors.

Oomycete pathogens secrete numerous effectors to manipulate host immunity. While some effectors share a conserved structural fold, it remains unclear if any have conserved host targets. Avr3a-like family effectors, which are related to Phytophthora infestans effector PiAvr3a and are widely distributed across diverse clades of Phytophthora species, were used to study this question.

Cellulose Nanocrystal Surface Cationization: A New Fungicide with High Activity against .

At present, the management of () mainly relies on chemical pesticides. However, along with the resistance generated by to these chemical pesticides, the toxicity and non-degradability of this chemical molecule may also cause serious environmental problems. Herein, a new bio-based nano-antifungal material (CNC@CTAB) was made with coating hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) on the surface of a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC).

An RXLR effector secreted by Phytophthora parasitica is a virulence factor and triggers cell death in various plants.

RXLR effectors encoded by Phytophthora species play a central role in pathogen-plant interactions. An understanding of the biological functions of RXLR effectors is conducive to the illumination of the pathogenic mechanisms and the development of disease control strategies. However, the virulence function of Phytophthora parasitica RXLR effectors is poorly understood.

A Phytophthora capsici RXLR Effector Targets and Inhibits a Plant PPIase to Suppress Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Immunity.

Phytophthora pathogens secrete a large arsenal of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Phytophthora effectors manipulate host plant cells still remain largely unclear. In this study, we report that PcAvr3a12, a Phytophthora capsici RXLR effector and a member of the Avr3a effector family, suppresses plant immunity by targeting and inhibiting host plant peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase).

The tRNA-Derived Small RNAs Regulate Gene Expression through Triggering Sequence-Specific Degradation of Target Transcripts in the Oomycete Pathogen .

Along with the well-studied microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a new class of transfer RNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA), which has recently been detected in multiple organisms and is implicated in gene regulation. However, while miRNAs and siRNAs are known to repress gene expression through sequence-specific RNA cleavage or translational repression, how tsRNAs regulate gene expression remains unclear. Here we report the identification and functional characterization of tsRNAs in the oomycete pathogen .