A high concentrate diet inhibits forkhead box protein A2 expression, and induces oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial unfolded protein response in the liver of dairy cows.

High-concentrate diet induce subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and cause liver damage in ruminants. It has been reported that forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) can enhance mitochondrial membrane potential but its function in mitochondrial dysfunction induced by high concentrate diets is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of high-concentrate (HC) diet on hepatic FOXA2 expression, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR), mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.

Aqua-(2,2'-diamino-4,4'-bi-1,3-thia-zole-κN,N)(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato-κO,N,O)zinc tetra-hydrate.

The title compound, [Zn(C(7)H(3)NO(4))(C(6)H(6)N(4)S(2))(H(2)O)]·4H(2)O, assumes a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry around the Zn(2+) cation, formed by a diamino-bithia-zole (DABT) mol-ecule, a pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ate anion and a water mol-ecule. The pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ate anion chelates to the Zn(II) atom with a facial configuration. Within the chelating DABT ligand, the two thia-zole rings are twisted by a dihedral angle of 14.

Aqua-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-κN)(oxydiacetato-κO,O',O'')copper(II) dihydrate.

In the title compound, [Cu(C(4)H(4)O(5))(C(5)H(8)N(2))(2)(H(2)O)]·2H(2)O, the Cu(II) cation assumes a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry formed by two 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole ligands, one oxydiacetate (ODA) dianion and one coordinated water mol-ecule. The tridentate ODA ligand chelates to the Cu cation in a facial configuration with a longer Cu-O bond [2.597 (3) Å], and both chelating rings display envelope conformations.

Aqua-(2,2'-diamino-4,4'-bi-1,3-thia-zole-κN,N)(thio-diacetato-κO,S,O')nickel(II) monohydrate.

In the title compound, [Ni(C(4)H(4)O(4)S)(C(6)H(6)N(4)S(2))(H(2)O)]·H(2)O, the Ni(II) cation assumes a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry formed by a diamino-bithia-zole (DABT) ligand, a thio-diacetate (TDA) dianion and a coordinated water mol-ecule. The tridentate TDA chelates to the Ni cation in a facial configuration, and both chelating rings display the envelope conformations. The two thia-zole rings of the DABT ligand are twisted with respect to each other, making a dihedral angle of 9.