The maize ZmVPS23-like protein relocates the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein Rp1-D21 to endosomes and suppresses the defense response.

Plants often utilize nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins to perceive pathogen infections and trigger a hypersensitive response (HR). The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is a conserved multisubunit complex that is essential for the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies and cargo protein sorting. VPS23 is a key component of ESCRT-I and plays important roles in plant development and abiotic stresses.

Comparison of missed adenomas in deep-sedated and unsedated colonoscopy: A multicenter retrospective study.

Background: Deep-sedated colonoscopy with propofol is widely used in China. However, its impact on quality metrics remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the effects of deep-sedated colonoscopy on missed adenomas, specifically in each colorectal segment.

Overexpression of SmMYC2 enhances salt resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots.

Soil salinity significantly affects both Salvia miltiorrhiza growth and development as well as seed germination throughout field cultivation and production. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF) MYC2 contributes significantly to plant stress resistance as a key regulator of the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. In transgenic S.

Comparison of adenoma detection in different colorectal segments between deep-sedated and unsedated colonoscopy.

To investigate if deep-sedated colonoscopy affects adenoma detection in certain colorectal segment. Review of colonoscopy reports, electronic images and medical records of individuals underwent screening colonoscopy with or without propofol sedation between October 2020 and March 2021 from seven hospitals in China. A total of 4500 individuals were analyzed.

Casein kinase CK2 structure and activities in plants.

Casein kinase CK2 is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase and exists in all eukaryotes. It has been demonstrated to be widely involved in the biological processes of plants. The CK2 holoenzyme is a heterotetramer consisting of two catalytic subunits (α and/or α') and two regulatory subunits (β).

Comparison of three sedation models for same-day painless bidirectional endoscopy: A multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Background And Aim: We investigated the most beneficial propofol sedation model for same-day painless bidirectional endoscopy (BDE).

Methods: Asymptomatic participants scheduled for same-day painless BDE examination from October 2020 to September 2021 were randomized to three groups: sedated esophagogastroduodenoscopy followed by unsedated colonoscopy (Group A); sedated esophagogastroduodenoscopy followed by sedated colonoscopy (Group B); and sedated esophagogastroduodenoscopy followed by sedated insertion colonoscopy (Group C). Patient discomfort, colonoscopy performance, doses of propofol, cardiovascular stress, anesthesia resuscitation, and sedation-related adverse events were evaluated.

MAPKK2/4/5/7-MAPK3-JAZs modulate phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Phenolic acids are the major bioactive metabolites produced in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a traditional Chinese medicine called Danshen. Many phytohormone elicitor treatments induce phenolic acid biosynthesis, even though the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Expression pattern analysis showed that SmMAPK3 was highly expressed in leaves, and SmMAPK3 was significantly induced by salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (JA).

Ascorbate peroxidase 1 confers resistance to southern corn leaf blight in maize.

Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB), caused by Bipolaris maydis, is one of the most devastating diseases affecting maize production. However, only one SLCB resistance gene, conferring partial resistance, is currently known, underscoring the importance of isolating new SCLB resistance-related genes. Here, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis and identified 258 proteins showing differential abundance during the maize response to B.

Multi-Omics Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Network and the Function of ZmUGTs in Maize Defense Response.

Maize is one of the major crops in the world; however, diseases caused by various pathogens seriously affect its yield and quality. The maize mutant (mt) caused by the intragenic recombination between two nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins, exhibits autoactive hypersensitive response (HR). In this study, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in mt compared to the wild type (WT).

The novel pathogen-responsive glycosyltransferase UGT73C7 mediates the redirection of phenylpropanoid metabolism and promotes SNC1-dependent Arabidopsis immunity.

Recent studies have shown that global metabolic reprogramming is a common event in plant innate immunity; however, the relevant molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a pathogen-induced glycosyltransferase, UGT73C7, that plays a critical role in Arabidopsis disease resistance through mediating redirection of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Loss of UGT73C7 function resulted in significantly decreased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv.

The potential roles of different metacaspases in maize defense response.

Metacaspases (MCs), a class of cysteine-dependent proteases, act as important regulators in plant defense response. In maize genome, there are 11 which have been categorized into two types (type I and II) based on their structural differences. In this study, we investigated the different transcript patterns of 11 in maize defense response mediated by the nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich-repeat protein Rp1-D21.

Maize nicotinate N-methyltransferase interacts with the NLR protein Rp1-D21 and modulates the hypersensitive response.

Most plant intracellular immune receptors belong to nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. The recognition between NLRs and their corresponding pathogen effectors often triggers a hypersensitive response (HR) at the pathogen infection sites. The nicotinate N-methyltransferase (NANMT) is responsible for the conversion of nicotinate to trigonelline in plants.

Analysis of the transcriptomic, metabolomic, and gene regulatory responses to Puccinia sorghi in maize.

Common rust, caused by Puccinia sorghi, is a widespread and destructive disease of maize. The Rp1-D gene confers resistance to the P. sorghi IN2 isolate, mediating a hypersensitive cell death response (HR).

Maize metacaspases modulate the defense response mediated by the NLR protein Rp1-D21 likely by affecting its subcellular localization.

Plants usually employ resistance (R) genes to defend against the infection of pathogens, and most R genes encode intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. The recognition between R proteins and their cognate pathogens often triggers a rapid localized cell death at the pathogen infection sites, termed the hypersensitive response (HR). Metacaspases (MCs) belong to a cysteine protease family, structurally related to metazoan caspases.

Genome-wide identification of the maize 2OGD superfamily genes and their response to Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum.

In maize, eat rot and stalk rot caused by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum lead to contamination of moldy grains to produce mycotoxins. Identification of resistance genes against these pathogens for maize breeding is an effective way for disease control. Several 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD) proteins have been found to confer resistance to different pathogens in diverse plant species.

Fine-Tuning Immunity: Players and Regulators for Plant NLRs.

Plants have evolved a sophisticated innate immune system to defend against pathogen infection, and intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR or NB-LRR) immune receptors are one of the main components of this system. NLR activity is fine-tuned by intra- and intermolecular interactions. We survey what is known about the conservation and diversity of NLR-interacting proteins, and divide them into seven major categories.

Maize ZmFNSI Homologs Interact with an NLR Protein to Modulate Hypersensitive Response.

Nucleotide binding, leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) proteins are the major class of resistance (R) proteins used by plants to defend against pathogen infection. The recognition between NLRs and their cognate pathogen effectors usually triggers a rapid localized cell death, termed the hypersensitive response (HR). Flavone synthase I (FNSI) is one of the key enzymes in the flavone biosynthesis pathway.

OsMFT2 is involved in the regulation of ABA signaling-mediated seed germination through interacting with OsbZIP23/66/72 in rice.

Seed germination is a complex process involving various physical and biochemical cues, determined by exogenous and endogenous factors. Here, we identified a gene, OsMFT2, that negatively regulates seed germination in rice. OsMFT2 knock-out lines exhibited pre-harvest sprouting, whereas OsMFT2 overexpression lines showed delayed germination.

Protective effects of lipoic acid-niacin dimers against blue light-induced oxidative damage to retinal pigment epithelium cells.

Aim: To evaluate the protective effects of lipoic acid-niacin (N2L) dimers against blue light (BL)-induced oxidative damage to human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells

Methods: hRPE cells were divided into a control group (CG), a BL group, an N2L plus BL irradiation group, an α-lipoic acid (ALA) plus BL group, an ALA-only group, and an N2L-only group. hRPE cellular viability was detected by performing 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) bromide assays, and apoptosis was evaluated by annexin-V-PE/7-AAD staining followed by flow cytometry. Ultrastructural changes in subcellular organelles were observed by transmission electron microscopy.

Protection of tight junction between RPE cells with tissue factor targeting peptide.

Aim: To investigate the effect of tissue factor targeting peptide (TF-TP) on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells tight junctions.

Methods: Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to measure the proliferation of ARPE-19 cells. Expression of tight junction, ZO-1 in ARPE-19 cells was measured by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining.

OsMFT1 increases spikelets per panicle and delays heading date in rice by suppressing Ehd1, FZP and SEPALLATA-like genes.

Heading date and panicle architecture are important agronomic traits in rice. Here, we identified a gene MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (OsMFT1) that regulates rice heading and panicle architecture. Overexpressing OsMFT1 delayed heading date by over 7 d and greatly increased spikelets per panicle and the number of branches.

Maize Homologs of CCoAOMT and HCT, Two Key Enzymes in Lignin Biosynthesis, Form Complexes with the NLR Rp1 Protein to Modulate the Defense Response.

Disease resistance (R) genes encode nucleotide binding Leu-rich-repeat (NLR) proteins that confer resistance to specific pathogens. Upon pathogen recognition they trigger a defense response that usually includes a so-called hypersensitive response (HR), a rapid localized cell death at the site of pathogen infection. Intragenic recombination between two maize (Zea mays) NLRs, Rp1-D and Rp1-dp2, resulted in the formation of a hybrid NLR, Rp1-D21, which confers an autoactive HR in the absence of pathogen infection.

Maize Homologs of Hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, a Key Enzyme in Lignin Biosynthesis, Bind the Nucleotide Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Rp1 Proteins to Modulate the Defense Response.

In plants, most disease resistance genes encode nucleotide binding Leu-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that trigger a rapid localized cell death called a hypersensitive response (HR) upon pathogen recognition. The maize (Zea mays) NLR protein Rp1-D21 derives from an intragenic recombination between two NLRs, Rp1-D and Rp1-dp2, and confers an autoactive HR in the absence of pathogen infection. From a previous quantitative trait loci and genome-wide association study, we identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism locus highly associated with variation in the severity of Rp1-D21-induced HR.