Untargeted metabolomic profiling identifies disease-specific and outcome-related signatures in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background: Although metabolomics provides novel insights into disease mechanisms and biomarkers, the metabolic alterations in local tissues affected by chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are unknown.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the metabolomic profiles of sinonasal tissues associated with different types of CRS and their treatment outcomes.

Methods: Untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed on sinonasal tissues obtained from patients with eosinophilic CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), noneosinophilic CRSwNP or CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and controls.

Evidence for the Presence of Long-Lived Plasma Cells in Nasal Polyps.

Purpose: Plasma cells and immunoglobulins (Igs) play a pivotal role in the induction and maintenance of chronic inflammation in nasal polyps. During secondary immune responses, plasma cell survival and Ig production are regulated by the local environment. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) and specific survival niches for LLPCs in human nasal polyps.

Increased accumulation of CD30 ligand-positive mast cells associates with eosinophilic inflammation in nasal polyps.

Objective: Activation of mast cells associates with eosinophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The disease-specific mast cell-triggering mechanisms apart from immunoglobulin E are poorly understood in CRSwNP. CD30L/CD30 are members of the tumor necrosis factor/receptor superfamily and display immune modulatory function on mast cells.

IgD-activated mast cells induce IgE synthesis in B cells in nasal polyps.

Background: Although upregulated expression of local IgD has been reported in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), its function is unclear.

Objective: We sought to explore the expression and function of soluble IgD in patients with CRS, particularly CRS with nasal polyps.

Methods: IgD levels in sinonasal mucosa were analyzed by using RT-PCR and ELISA.

The activation and function of IL-36γ in neutrophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background: Although increased accumulation of neutrophils has been noted in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), the function and regulation of neutrophils in CRS are largely unknown. IL-36 family cytokines may play an important role in neutrophilic inflammation.

Objective: This study sought to investigate the expression and function of IL-36 cytokines in CRS.

Ectopic lymphoid tissues support local immunoglobulin production in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Background: The contribution of ectopic lymphoid tissues (eLTs) to local immunoglobulin hyperproduction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is unclear.

Objective: We sought to explore the cellular basis, formation mechanisms, and function of eLTs in patients with CRSwNP.

Methods: We graded lymphoid aggregations in sinonasal mucosa and histologically studied their structures.

Nasal IL-4(+)CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T follicular helper cell counts correlate with local IgE production in eosinophilic nasal polyps.

Background: Locally produced IgE contributes to the initiation and development of eosinophilic inflammation in eosinophilic nasal polyps independent of systemic atopy. However, whether CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T follicular helper (TFH) cells are involved in local IgE production at mucosal sites remains unexplored.

Objective: We sought to explore the presence, phenotype, and function of CXCR5(+)CD4(+) TFH cells in eosinophilic nasal polyp tissues compared with noneosinophilic nasal polyp and control normal nasal tissues.