You are what you eat: Microplastics in the feces of young men living in Beijing.

Purpose: Microplastics have been widely detected in the environment and marine organisms. However, few studies have investigated the presence of microplastics in humans. This preliminary study identified and quantified the microplastic content in human feces.

Drinking Behavior and Associated Factors among Middle School Students in Shanghai, China.

The purpose of our study was to assess drinking status in middle school students and to understand the associated factors. The adjusted drinking rates were 50.9%, 39.

[Drinking in different periods of a day of primary and middle school students in four cities of China].

Objective: To investigate intake of water in different periods of a day of primary and middle school students in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu of China.

Methods: A total of 5914 primary and middle school students from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu were recruited using multiple-stage random sampling method from September to October 2011. Among them, 5868 students completed the survey.

[Water intake of primary and middle school students in four cities of China].

Objective: To investigate total intake of drinking water of primary and middle school students in four cities of China, and to provide scientific evidence for developing standard of intake of drinking water for primary and middle school students in China.

Methods: A total of 5914 primary and middle school students were selected from Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou using multi-stage random sampling method and 5868 subjects completed the survey. The information on the amounts of daily drinking water was recorded for seven consecutive days using a 24 hour measurement.

[The relationship between within-day drinking occasion and intake amount of water of primary and middle school students in four cities of China].

Objective: To investigate the number of drinking occasions per day and average amount consumed per drinking occasion of primary and middle school students in four cities of China, and understand the relationship among drinking occasion, average amount consumed per drinking occasion and total drinking water.

Methods: A total of 5914 primary and middle school students from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu were selected using multiple-stage random sampling method, and 5868 students completed the study from September to October in 2011. The detailed information of amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects using a 24 hours measurement for seven consecutive days.

[Daily intake of plain water and beverages of primary and middle school students in four cities of China].

Objective: To describe the daily consumption of plain water and beverages of primary and middle school students in four cities of China.

Methods: A total of 5914 students from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu were selected using multiple-stage random sampling method, and 5868 students completed the study from September to October 2011. The information on amounts and types of drinking water was recorded using a 24 hour measurement for seven consecutive days.

Association between high fat-low carbohydrate diet score and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese population.

Objective: To study the association between high fat-low carbohydrate diet score and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese population.

Methods: Data about 20 717 subjects aged 45-59 years from the cross-sectional 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were analyzed. High fat-low carbohydrate diet was scored according to the energy of carbohydrate, fat, and protein.

Report on childhood obesity in China (10): association of sleep duration with obesity.

Objectives: To explore the association of sleep duration with obesity among children in urban areas of China.

Methods: A total of 6 576 children (3 293 boys and 3 283 girls) aged 7-11 years were randomly selected from 36 primary schools in 6 metropolitan cities in China. A 7-day Physical Activity Recall was used to assess the sleep duration and physical activity level.

Report on childhood obesity in China (9): sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and obesity.

Objective: To explore the associations between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and obesity as well as obesity-related cardiometabolic disorders among children in China.

Methods: A total of 6974 (boys 3558, girls 3412) children aged 6-13 years participated in the study. Each participant's height, weight, waist circumference, fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured.

[Food water sources analysis of adults in four cities of China in summer].

Objective: To investigate the food water sources of adults in the four cities of China in summer.

Methods: A total of 64 adults aged 18 - 60 yrs from four cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou)were selected using convenient sampling method. The food samples were collected by using duplicate portion method and the water content of food samples were determined by using the national standard.

[Water intake sources analysis of adults in four cities of China in summer].

Objective: To investigate the water intake sources of adults in the four cities of China in summer.

Methods: A total of 64 adults aged 18 - 60 yrs from the four cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou) were selected using convenient sampling method. The information on amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects for three consecutive days using a quantitative measurement.

[Knowledge on drinking water of adults in four cities of China].

Objective: To understand the status on knowledge of drinking water among adults aged 18 - 60 yrs in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou of China.

Methods: A total of 1483 adults aged 18 - 60 yrs from the four cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou) were selected using multiple-stage random sampling method. The information was collected by face-to-face interview.

[Water intake of adults in four cities of China in summer].

Objectives: To investigate total drinking water intake of adults in the four cities of China in summer.

Methods: A total of 1483 adults aged 18 - 60 yrs from Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou were selected using multiple-stage random sampling method. The information of amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects for seven consecutive days using a quantitative measurement.

[Odds ratio on cardiovascular risk factors of obesity defined by waist and body mass index].

Objective: To compare the odds ratio of waist circumference (WC) and/or body mass index (BMI) on cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods: Data on a cross-sectional study involving 41 087 adults (19 567 male, 21 520 female) from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were examined. According to the obesity definition of the Chinese Working Group on Obesity for Children (WGOC) (BMI, 24 and 28 kg/m(2); WC, male 85 cm, female 80 cm), the study population were divided into 9 groups.

[Waist circumference reference values for screening cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese children and adolescents aged 7 - 18 years].

Objective: To explore the optimal threshold values of waist circumference (WC) in detecting the risk on cardiovascular (CV) among the Chinese children and adolescents.

Methods: Association of WC and CV risk factors were studied among 65 898 children and adolescents aged 7 - 18 years whose data were pooled from nine studies carried out in China. Receive-operating characteristic analysis (ROC) and logistic regression were employed to derive optimal age- and sex-specific waist circumference references for predicting the CV risk factors.

[Waist circumference distribution of Chinese school-age children and adolescents].

Objective: To study the distribution of waist circumference (WC) in a representative group of Chinese children for establishing the Chinese WC cut-off points.

Methods: Cross-sectional data obtained from 15 mainland provinces and Hong Kong were collected. There were 178 865 children and adolescents, aged 7 - 18 years-old in total.

[The nutritional status among children under 60 months year-old after one year of the Earthquake in Wenchuan].

Objective: To evaluate the effects of Wenchuan Earthquake on the nutritional status, growth, and the prevalence nutritional anemia, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and vitamin D deficiency among children under 60 months old living in the disaster areas.

Methods: A nutritional survey was conducted in April 2009. The survey recruited 466 under 60 months old children, including 162 children aged 0 months old and 304 children aged 24 - 59 months old.

[The nutritional status of reproductive women at one year after the disaster of Earthquake in Wenchuan].

Objective: To evaluate the effects of Wenchuan Earthquake on the nutritional status and the prevalence of nutritional anemia, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and vitamin D deficiency among reproductive women (15 - 44 years old) in the disaster areas one year after the Earthquake.

Methods: A nutritional survey was conducted in 3 counties in April 2009, one year after the Earthquake. Two towns from each county were selected as study sites, and this survey recruited 58 pregnant, 66 lactating and 242 non-pregnant-non-lactating women.

Report on childhood obesity in China (8): effects and sustainability of physical activity intervention on body composition of Chinese youth.

Objectives: To determine whether a large-scale physical activity intervention could affect body composition in primary school students in Beijing, China.

Methods: The study design was one-year cluster randomized controlled trial of physical activity intervention (20 min of daily exercise in the classroom) with an additional year of follow-up among 4 700 students aged 8-11 years at baseline.

Results: After the one-year intervention, BMI increased by 0.

Relationship of body mass index, waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese adult.

Objective: To compare the relative risk of waist circumference (WC) and/or BMI on cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional data of 41 087 adults (19 567 male and 21 520 female) from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were examined. According to the obesity definition of WGOC (BMI, 24 kg/m2 and 28 kg/m2; WC, male 85 cm and 95 cm for male, 80 cm and 90 cm for female), the study population were divided into 9 groups.

Waist circumference reference values for screening cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese children and adolescents.

Objectives: To explore the optimal threshold values of waist circumference (WC) for detecting cardiovascular (CV) risk factors among Chinese children and adolescents.

Methods: Association of WC with CV risk factors was studied among 65,898 children aged 7-18 years whose data were pooled from nine previous studies in China. CV risk factors in this study included hypertension (blood pressure above 95 percentile levels), dyslipidemia (with one or more of the following three indexes: TG > or = 1.

Waist circumference distribution of Chinese school-age children and adolescents.

Background: Waist circumference (WC), a proxy measure of central body fat, is a better predictor than overall body fat for cardiovascular risk factors in both adults and children. WC cutoffs have been established in many countries, but the national WC reference has not been developed in China.

Objective: To study the distribution of WC in a representative group of Chinese children for establishing Chinese WC cutoff points.

Association of estrogen receptor-alpha gene Pvull polymorphisms with the effect of calcium supplementation on skeletal development in Chinese pubertal girls.

Objective: To investigate the association of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) PvuII polymorphisms with the effect of calcium supplementation on bone development in Chinese pubertal girls, and to study the importance of calcium supplementation by maximizing the peak bone mass at their pubertal stage for bone development and osteoporosis prevention and the role of estrogen in regulating bone mass.

Methods: Ninety-four pubertal girls were recruited in the study and divided into two groups and three sub-groups according to the ER-alpha PvuII polymorphisms. One year before and after calcium supplementation, bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by DEXA, while BGP, BAP, TRACP5b, and 25-OH-VitD(3), as well as estrogen were detected by ELISA.