Copper(II) quinoxolinol imidazolium complexes in catalytic oxidation of benzylic and heterocyclic alcohols.

A novel copper(II) quinoxolinol complex has been prepared using a condensation reaction based on previous studies. The copper(II) quinoxolinol salen complex has been applied as a catalyst using -butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant, demonstrating that benzylic and heterocyclic alcohols can be converted efficiently to the corresponding aldehydes. Excellent yields can be achieved (up to 99%) within a short reaction time and with great tolerance for functional groups.

Ensemble effects on allylic oxidation within explicit solvation environments.

Umbrella-sampling density functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) has been employed to study the full catalytic cycle of the allylic oxidation of cyclohexene using a Cu(ii) 7-amino-6-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)quinoxalin-2-ol complex in acetonitrile to create cyclohexenone and H2O as products. After the initial H-atom abstraction step, two different reaction pathways have been identified that are distinguished by the participation of alkyl hydroperoxide (referred to as the "open" cycle) versus the methanol side-product (referred to as the "closed" cycle) within the catalyst recovery process. Importantly, both pathways involve dehydrogenation and re-hydrogenation of the -NH2 group bound to the Cu-site - a feature that is revealed from the ensemble sampling of configurations of the reactive species that are stabilized within the explicit solvent environment of the simulation.

Geographic and Racial/Ethnic Variation in Glycemic Control and Treatment in a National Sample of Veterans With Diabetes.

Objective: Geographic and racial/ethnic disparities related to diabetes control and treatment have not previously been examined at the national level.

Research Design And Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a national cohort of 1,140,634 veterans with diabetes, defined as two or more diabetes ICD-9 codes (250.xx) across inpatient and outpatient records.

The association between fracture rates and neighborhood characteristics in Washington, DC, children.

Background: Effects of neighborhood contextual features have been found for many diseases, including bone fractures in adults. Our study objective was to evaluate the association between neighborhood characteristics and pediatric bone fracture rates. We hypothesized that neighborhood indices of deprivation would be associated with higher fracture rates.

Pediatric residents' knowledge of the community.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine pediatric residents' knowledge of the communities they serve through their continuity clinics.

Design/methods: The community was identified for each of 6 continuity clinics at an urban children's hospital by geocoding patient addresses using GIS software (1 hospital-based [n = 36], 1 primary care track site [n = 10], and 4 community clinics [n = 12]). We assessed resident and attending knowledge with a survey examining 7 content areas with basic questions about these communities.

Modification of the lipidic and coagulative pattern in postmenopause women: effect of hormone replacement therapy.

Aim: We evaluated the changes of lipidic and coagulative pattern during menopause and the influence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on these parameters.

Methods: We considered 158 patients divided into 2 groups: Group I consisted of 127 women in physiological/surgical menopause and Group II of 31 women with childbearing potential. Subsequently, we considered a group III formed of 34 patients from menopausal women (group I) who underwent three months of HRT.

Are drawing perseverations part of the neglect syndrome?

Unilateral neglect patients typically omit to cancel contralesional targets. Moreover, they can repeatedly cancel ipsilesional stimuli exhibiting what is termed 'perseverative behavior'. Two alternative accounts of this behavior have been proposed.

Admissions across state lines: harnessing the insight of the National Burn Repository for the healthcare accessibility, fiscal, and legislative concerns facing the American Burn Association.

One of the most significant data collection efforts undertaken by the American Burn Association, the National Burn Repository (NBR) now encompasses more than 180,000 admissions. The Government Affairs Committee designated the prevalence of across-state-line burn admissions as one of its initial major inquiries to be made of the NBR. This line of inquiry could have bearings on healthcare access, legislative advocacy, and burn center solvency.

Does spatial accessibility of pharmacy services predict compliance with long-term control medications?

Background: Disadvantaged urban children with asthma are at high risk for undermanagement of their disease and poor compliance with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).

Objective: To determine whether spatial accessibility (SA) of retail pharmacy services is associated with ICS compliance.

Methods: Caregivers of 137 urban high-morbidity asthmatic children attended a comprehensive intervention to improve asthma care and outcomes.

Spatial accessibility of primary care pediatric services in an urban environment: association with asthma management and outcome.

Background: Disadvantaged urban children with asthma depend heavily on emergency departments (EDs) for episodic care. We hypothesized that among an urban population of children with asthma, higher spatial accessibility to primary care pediatric services would be associated with (1) more scheduled primary care visits for asthma, (2) better longitudinal asthma management, and (3) fewer unscheduled visits for asthma care.

Methods: We enrolled children aged 12 months to 17 years, inclusive, who sought acute asthma care in an urban pediatric ED.

Disparity in location of urban mental service providers.

This article investigates geographic disparities in the location of mental health providers in relation to population demographics. Associations between provider-to-population ratios and demographics were examined with density calculations and map algebra. This disparity in geospatial availability of specialists may constitute an important barrier for persons seeking mental health care.

Pediatric appendicitis rupture rate: a national indicator of disparities in healthcare access.

BACKGROUND: The U.S. National Healthcare Disparities Report is a recent effort to measure and monitor racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare.

Physician accessibility: an urban case study of pediatric providers.

Social disparity in the spatial distribution of healthcare providers in urban areas is a recognized problem. However, efforts to quantify the problem have been hampered by a lack of satisfactory measurements and methods. We revive and enhance a strategy based on provider density, proposed nearly three decades ago.

Spatial accessibility of primary care: concepts, methods and challenges.

Primary care is recognized as the most important form of healthcare for maintaining population health because it is relatively inexpensive, can be more easily delivered than specialty and inpatient care, and if properly distributed it is most effective in preventing disease progression on a large scale. Recent advances in the field of health geography have greatly improved our understanding of the role played by geographic distribution of health services in population health maintenance. However, most of this knowledge has accrued for hospital and specialty services and services in rural areas.

Do pediatric hospitalizations have a unique geography?

Background: In the U.S. small-area health services research studies are often based on the hospital service areas (HSAs) defined by the Dartmouth Atlas of Healthcare project.

Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric appendicitis rupture rate.

Objectives: To determine if there are racial/ethnic differences in the rates of appendiceal rupture among the children of two large states. Because rupture is primarily due to delayed diagnosis, differences would suggest disparities in timely access to quality emergency care.

Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional analysis of full-year samples of acute appendicitis cases from California and New York children 4 to 18 years old.

Inpatient childhood asthma treatment: relationship of hospital characteristics to length of stay and cost: analyses of New York State discharge data, 1995.

Background: There is increasing pressure to optimize asthma treatment efficiency. It is possible that hospital characteristics influence such efficiency.

Objective: To examine the association of selected hospital characteristics with cost and length of stay (LOS) among pediatric patients with asthma after adjusting for patient characteristics.

Aeromonas hydrophila and its relation with drinking water indicators of microbiological quality in Argentine.

In Argentine, water municipal supplies disinfection is carried out by chlorine. We have isolated Aeromonas hydrophila from a chlorinated water supply in Buenos Aires that fulfilled Argentinean microbiological quality standards. It is an aquatic organism that could produce cytotoxins and enterotoxins associated with acute gastroenteritis and wound infections in human and hemorrhagic septicaemia of fish, reptiles and amphibians.

Pediatric Milliman and Robertson length-of-stay criteria: are they realistic?

Objective: Guidelines for inpatient length of stay (LOS) have been developed by several groups; among the most widely applied are those published by Milliman and Robertson (M&R). Few published reports have examined the relationship of actual practice to such guidelines, none in pediatric populations. This study was designed to compare pediatric practice in a large and defined population to M&R LOS criteria.

Fathering pregnancies: marking health-risk behaviors in urban adolescents.

Purpose: To establish self-reported rates and associated correlates of fathering pregnancies in urban teen males, and to explore the possibility of using their pregnancy history as a marker for other health-risk behaviors.

Methods: A blinded, self-administered questionnaire was given to the predominantly African-American patients of an inner-city adolescent outpatient clinic. Urine was also collected in a blinded, anonymous fashion, matched to the questionnaires, and tested for five drugs of abuse.

[Streptokinase: correlation between different methods of biological evaluation].

A study was carried out to establish an appropriate method for streptokinase (SK) potency determination (biological assay) in order to fulfil the main function of the Instituto Nacional de Medicamentos respecting products marketed in Argentina. The potency of different commercial samples of SK was determined against the International Standard, and three internationally accepted methods were used for this purpose: fibrin plate, clot lysis and chromogenic method. The analysis of results suggests that the fibrin plate method is the least precise and reproducible.

Increased drug use among old-for-grade and dropout urban adolescents.

Introduction: In tracking the epidemic of drug use in our communities, much emphasis has been placed on identifying predictive variables. In this study, we examine the relationship between drug use and school progress among a sample of inner-city adolescents.

Methods: A blinded, anonymous questionnaire covering a variety of health risk behaviors was administered to 1,720 adolescent patients who visited our outpatient clinic.

The changing pattern of substance abuse in urban adolescents.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of specific drug use in adolescents attending an adolescent health clinic and to compare current rates with a similar previous study.

Design: Blinded and anonymous urine samples obtained from patients presenting for routine health care were tested for the presence of cannabinoids, phencyclidine (PCP), amphetamines, opiates, and cocaine.

Setting: Adolescent medicine outpatient clinic.