Involvement of Fe(III) in the formation of immunoglobulin G-enriched protein aggregates in human plasma.

A small fraction of the proteins present in human plasma can be found as circulating protein aggregates. Such aggregates are formed by prone to aggregation proteins and different stimuli promote the aggregation process. Fe(III) is a redox active metal ion which also actively interacts with proteins.

Copper-induced aggregation of IgG: a potential driving force for the formation of circulating protein aggregates.

Copper is a highly reactive element involved in a myriad of biological reactions. Thus, while essential for mammalian cells, its concentrations must be kept in check in order to avoid toxicity. This metal participates in redox reactions and may exacerbate oxidative stress in aerobic organisms.