Influence of heat treatments on the functionality of soy protein hydrolysates in animal cell cultures.

Soy protein hydrolysates enhance integral viable cell density (IVCD) and recombinant protein production (Immunoglobulin, IgG) in cell cultures, but their functionality varies from batch-to-batch. This is undesirable since it affects both quantity and characteristics of the recombinant proteins. It is hypothesized that the variability of hydrolysates is due to variations in meal and hydrolysate processing treatments.

Modulation of Glucosinolate Composition in Brassicaceae Seeds by Germination and Fungal Elicitation.

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are of interest for potential antimicrobial activity of their degradation products and exclusive presence in Brassicaceae. Compositional changes of aliphatic, benzenic, and indolic GSLs of , , and seeds by germination and fungal elicitation were studied. (nonpathogenic), (nonpathogenic), and (pathogenic) were employed.

Effect of oat and soybean rich in distinct non-starch polysaccharides on fermentation, appetite regulation and fat accumulation in rat.

Consumption of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) is associated with reduced risk of obesity. This study aimed to compare the effects of cereals (oats) and legumes (soybean), rich in different classes of NSP, on appetite regulation and fat accumulation in rats. Soy pectin fermented more efficient than cereal arabinoxylan in rats.

Mass spectrometric characterisation of avenanthramides and enhancing their production by germination of oat (Avena sativa).

Avenanthramides are amides, with a phenylalkenoic acid (PA) and an anthranilic acid (AA) subunit, which are secondary metabolites of oat. Oat seeds were germinated, extracted, and the avenanthramides analysed by a combination of UHPLC with ion trap and high resolution ESI-MS. Typical fragmentation pathways with corresponding diagnostic fragments belonging to the PA and AA subunits were identified and summarised in a decision guideline.

QSAR of 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one antimicrobials and their drug design perspectives.

Synthetic derivatives of 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones have been shown to possess promising antimicrobial activity, whereas their natural counterparts were found lacking in this respect. In this work, quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) of natural and synthetic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones as antimicrobials were established. Data published in literature were curated into an extensive dataset of 111 compounds.

Maillard induced aggregation of individual milk proteins and interactions involved.

The aggregation of α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin and β-casein after heating in dry state was studied in absence and presence of saccharides. In absence of saccharides, differences were observed in the extent of aggregation. Differences between the proteins were mostly due to differences in covalent aggregation.

Structure Dependent-Immunomodulation by Sugar Beet Arabinans via a SYK Tyrosine Kinase-Dependent Signaling Pathway.

There is much interest in the immunomodulatory properties of dietary fibers but their activity may be influenced by contamination with microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acids, which are difficult to remove completely from biological samples. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from TLR2x4 double-KO mice were shown to be a reliable approach to analyse the immunomodulatory properties of a diverse range of dietary fibers, by avoiding immune cell activation due to contaminating MAMPs. Several of the 44 tested dietary fiber preparations induced cytokine responses in BMDCs from TLR2x4 double-KO mice.

Structure and biosynthesis of benzoxazinoids: Plant defence metabolites with potential as antimicrobial scaffolds.

Benzoxazinoids, comprising the classes of benzoxazinones and benzoxazolinones, are a set of specialised metabolites produced by the plant family Poaceae (formerly Gramineae), and some dicots. The family Poaceae in particular contains several important crops like maize and wheat. Benzoxazinoids play a role in allelopathy and as defence compounds against (micro)biological threats.

Apparent ileal digestibility of Maillard reaction products in growing pigs.

The absorption of Maillard reaction products (MRP) from dietary origin has been linked to the occurrence of chronic diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of toasting time of rapeseed meal (RSM) and the processing method of the diets (pelleting and extrusion) that included RSM on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of total lysine, fructosyl-lysine (FL), carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), carboxyethyl-lysine (CEL), lanthionine (LAN) and lysinoalanine (LAL) in growing pigs. The study consisted of a 2×3 factorial design with toasting time of RSM (60, 120 min) and diet processing method (mash, pelleted, extruded) as factors.

QSAR-based molecular signatures of prenylated (iso)flavonoids underlying antimicrobial potency against and membrane-disruption in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

Prenylated flavonoids and isoflavonoids are phytochemicals with remarkable antibacterial activity. In this study, 30 prenylated (iso)flavonoids were tested against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli (the latter in combination with an efflux pump inhibitor). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the most active compounds ranged between 6.

Comparison of Protein Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Bovine, Porcine, and Human Trypsins.

Based on trypsin specificity (for lysines and arginines), trypsins from different sources are expected to hydrolyze a given protein to the same theoretical maximum degree of hydrolysis (DH). This is in contrast with experiments. Using α-lactalbumin and β-casein, this study aims to reveal if the differences among experimental DH (DH) by bovine, porcine, and human trypsins are due to their secondary specificity.

Maillard induced glycation behaviour of individual milk proteins.

This paper set out to differentiate the Maillard induced glycation reactivity of individual milk proteins using different saccharides under well-defined reaction conditions. α-Lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin and β-casein were incubated with mono-, di- and trisaccharides in the dry state under standardised buffered conditions and glycation was expressed relative to the available reactive groups per protein (DG). Protein reactivity, described by the DG and initial speed of glycation (v), followed the same order for each protein-saccharide incubation: α-lactalbumin > β-lactoglobulin ≫ β-casein.

Laccase/Mediator Systems: Their Reactivity toward Phenolic Lignin Structures.

Laccase-mediator systems (LMS) have been widely studied for their capacity to oxidize the nonphenolic subunits of lignin (70-90% of the polymer). The phenolic subunits (10-30% of the polymer), which can also be oxidized without mediators, have received considerably less attention. Consequently, it remains unclear to what extent the presence of a mediator influences the reactions of the phenolic subunits of lignin.

Laminaria digitata phlorotannins decrease protein degradation and methanogenesis during in vitro ruminal fermentation.

Background: Phlorotannins (PhTs) are marine tannins consisting of phloroglucinol subunits connected via carbon-carbon and ether linkages. These have non-covalent protein binding properties and are, therefore, expected to be beneficial in protecting protein from hydrolysis during ruminal fermentation. In this study, the effectiveness of a methanolic PhTs extract from Laminaria digitata (10, 20, 40, 50, 75 and 100 g kg tannin-free grass silage, with or without addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG), was investigated in vitro on protection of dietary protein and reduction of methane (CH ) in ruminal fluid.

Quantification of the catalytic performance of C1-cellulose-specific lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases.

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have recently been shown to significantly enhance the degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides and are of interest for the production of biochemicals and bioethanol from plant biomass. The copper-containing LPMOs utilize electrons, provided by reducing agents, to oxidatively cleave polysaccharides. Here, we report the development of a β-glucosidase-assisted method to quantify the release of C1-oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides from cellulose by two C1-oxidizing LPMOs from Myceliophthora thermophila C1.

Resolubilization of Protein from Water-Insoluble Phlorotannin-Protein Complexes upon Acidification.

Marine phlorotannins (PhT) from Laminaria digitata might protect feed proteins from ruminal digestion by formation of insoluble non-covalent tannin-protein complexes at rumen pH (6-7). Formation and disintegration of PhT-protein complexes was studied with β-casein (random coil) and bovine serum albumin (BSA, globular) at various pH. PhT had similar binding affinity for β-casein and BSA as pentagalloyl glucose, as studied by fluorescence quenching.

Pelleting and extrusion can ameliorate negative effects of toasting of rapeseed meal on protein digestibility in growing pigs.

Toasting time (TT) of rapeseed meal (RSM), the diet processing (DP) method and the interaction between both on the apparent CP digestion along the gastrointestinal tract and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids of growing pigs were investigated. The experiment consisted of a 3×3 factorial design of TT of RSM (0, 60 and 120 min) and DP method (mash, pelleting and extrusion). In total, 81 boars with a starting BW of 20 kg were euthanized 4 h after their last feeding.

Potential of a gypsum-free composting process of wheat straw for mushroom production.

Wheat straw based composting generates a selective substrate for mushroom production. The first phase of this process requires 5 days, and a reduction in time is wished. Here, we aim at understanding the effect of gypsum on the duration of the first phase and the mechanism behind it.

Rapid membrane permeabilization of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli induced by antibacterial prenylated phenolic compounds from legumes.

Prenylated phenolics from the Fabaceae are promising lead compounds for new antibacterials. Pools enriched in prenylated phenolics were made from lupine, peanut and soybean seedlings. One pool was rich in chain prenylated isoflavones (cIsf), one in chain prenylated stilbenoids (cSti), one in chain prenylated (cPta) and one in ring-closed prenylated pterocarpans (rPta), as characterized by RP-UHPLC-UV-MS.

Quantification of Lignin and Its Structural Features in Plant Biomass Using C Lignin as Internal Standard for Pyrolysis-GC-SIM-MS.

Understanding the mechanisms underlying plant biomass recalcitrance at the molecular level can only be achieved by accurate analyses of both the content and structural features of the molecules involved. Current quantification of lignin is, however, majorly based on unspecific gravimetric analysis after sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Hence, our research aimed at specific lignin quantification with concurrent characterization of its structural features.

Comparison of Protein Extracts from Various Unicellular Green Sources.

Photosynthetic unicellular organisms are considered as promising alternative protein sources. The aim of this study is to understand the extent to which these green sources differ with respect to their gross composition and how these differences affect the final protein isolate. Using mild isolation techniques, proteins were extracted and isolated from four different unicellular sources (Arthrospira (spirulina) maxima, Nannochloropsis gaditana, Tetraselmis impellucida, and Scenedesmus dimorphus).

Phlorotannin Composition of Laminaria digitata.

Introduction: Phlorotannins are complex mixtures of phloroglucinol oligomers connected via C-C (fucols) or C-O-C (phlorethols) linkages. Their uniformity in subunits and large molecular weight hamper their structural analysis. Despite its commercial relevance for alginate extraction, phlorotannins in Laminaria digitata have not been studied.

Enzymatic Browning in Sugar Beet Leaves (Beta vulgaris L.): Influence of Caffeic Acid Derivatives, Oxidative Coupling, and Coupled Oxidation.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves of 8 month (8) plants showed more enzymatic browning than those of 3 month (3). Total phenolic content increased from 4.

Boosting LPMO-driven lignocellulose degradation by polyphenol oxidase-activated lignin building blocks.

Background: Many fungi boost the deconstruction of lignocellulosic plant biomass via oxidation using lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). The application of LPMOs is expected to contribute to ecologically friendly conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals. Moreover, applications of LPMO-modified cellulose-based products may be envisaged within the food or material industry.

Effects of Toasting Time on Digestive Hydrolysis of Soluble and Insoluble 00-Rapeseed Meal Proteins.

Thermal damage to proteins can reduce their nutritional value. The effects of toasting time on the kinetics of hydrolysis, the resulting molecular weight distribution of 00-rapeseed meal (RSM) and the soluble and insoluble protein fractions separated from the RSM were studied. Hydrolysis was performed with pancreatic proteases to represent protein digestibility.