Publications by authors named "Grunwald N"

Members of the genus are responsible for many important diseases in agricultural and natural ecosystems. causes devastating diseases of oak, and tanoak stands in US forests and larch in the UK. The four evolutionary lineages involved express different virulence phenotypes on plant hosts, and characterization of gene content is foundational to understanding the basis for these differences.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Pathogens have evolved effector proteins to suppress host immunity and facilitate plant infections. RxLR effectors are small, secreted effector proteins with conserved RxLR and dEER amino acid motifs at the N terminus and highly variable C termini and are commonly found in oomycete species. We provide computational approaches to annotate RxLR candidate effector genes in a genome assembly in FASTA format with an available GFF file.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Understanding the ecology of pathogens is important for disease management. Recently a devastating canker disease was found on red alder () planted as landscape trees. Bacteria were isolated from two groups of symptomatic trees located approximately 1 kilometer apart and one strain from each group was used to complete Koch's postulates.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF
Article Synopsis
  • The Letter reports the most accurate measurement so far of the matter-antimatter imbalance during Pb-Pb collisions at a high energy level of 5.02 TeV.
  • It utilizes the Statistical Hadronization framework to determine precise values for the electric charge and baryon chemical potentials, μ_{Q} and μ_{B}.
  • The analysis of antiparticle-to-particle yield ratios shows that the collisions create a system that is generally baryon-free and electrically neutral at midrapidity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF

The ALICE Collaboration reports the measurement of semi-inclusive distributions of charged-particle jets recoiling from a high transverse momentum (high p_{T}) hadron trigger in proton-proton and central Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV. A data-driven statistical method is used to mitigate the large uncorrelated background in central Pb-Pb collisions.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

K^{+}K^{-} pairs may be produced in photonuclear collisions, either from the decays of photoproduced ϕ(1020) mesons or directly as nonresonant K^{+}K^{-} pairs. Measurements of K^{+}K^{-} photoproduction probe the couplings between the ϕ(1020) and charged kaons with photons and nuclear targets. The kaon-proton scattering occurs at energies far above those available elsewhere.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Recent pandemics like COVID-19 highlighted the importance of rapidly developing diagnostics to detect evolving pathogens. CRISPR-Cas technology has recently been used to develop diagnostic assays for sequence-specific recognition of DNA or RNA. These assays have similar sensitivity to the gold standard qPCR but can be deployed as easy to use and inexpensive test strips.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF
Article Synopsis
  • - This Letter discusses the measurement of ridge yields from charged hadron angular correlations in proton-proton collisions at a high energy of 13 TeV, specifically within certain pseudorapidity and transverse momentum ranges.
  • - The research extends ridge yield measurements to low charged-particle multiplicity regions, where typically a strong interacting medium is not expected to form during collisions.
  • - Findings indicate that ridge yields in pp collisions are significantly higher than those observed in e^{+}e^{-} collisions, suggesting that processes in e^{+}e^{-} annihilations do not significantly influence long-range correlations in proton-proton interactions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF
Article Synopsis
  • The text describes a species of evergreen dogwood native to East Asia, known for its attractive creamy bracts and red fruit, with a recent issue involving leaf spots and dieback reported from a nursery in Humboldt County.
  • In February 2023, samples from affected plants showed distinct leaf spots and were analyzed in a lab, leading to the isolation of specific fungal characteristics including coralloid hyphae and sporangia.
  • Genetic analysis confirmed the isolate's identity and pathogenic potential, demonstrating a 100% match to known strains, and a pathogenicity test was performed on healthy plants to further evaluate the impact of the isolate.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF
Article Synopsis
  • - The article highlights the shift towards open access in scientific publishing, emphasizing the need for research outputs like data, code, and publications to be freely available.
  • - It offers best practices for publishing in The American Phytopathological Society journals, covering critical topics such as diagnostic assays, experimental design, and data sharing.
  • - The goal is to enhance reproducibility and effective use of research resources, ultimately improving understanding of biological effects in plant pathology.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Introduction: Access to safe and affordable drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for all is needed to safeguard human health, high on societal and political agendas. According to official estimates, populations in high-income countries (HICs) are well served. Vulnerable communities at the margins of rich societies, including people experiencing homelessness, however, are often underserved and overlooked.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV), the causal agent of yellow leaf, has been reported in an increasing number of sugarcane-growing locations since its first report in the 1990s in Brazil, Florida, and Hawaii. In this study, the genetic diversity of SCYLV was investigated using the genome coding sequence (5,561 to 5,612 nt) of 109 virus isolates from 19 geographical locations, including 65 new isolates from 16 geographical regions worldwide. These isolates were distributed in three major phylogenetic lineages (BRA, CUB, and REU), except for one isolate from Guatemala.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Invasive, exotic plant pathogens pose a major threat to native and agricultural ecosystems. Phytophthora × cambivora is an invasive, destructive pathogen of forest and fruit trees causing severe damage worldwide to chestnuts (Castanea), apricots, peaches, plums, almonds and cherries (Prunus), apples (Malus), oaks (Quercus), and beech (Fagus). It was one of the first damaging invasive Phytophthora species to be introduced to Europe and North America, although its origin is unknown.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Open research practices have been highlighted extensively during the last 10 years in many fields of scientific study as essential standards needed to promote transparency and reproducibility of scientific results. Scientific claims can only be evaluated based on how protocols, materials, equipment, and methods were described; data were collected and prepared; and analyses were conducted. Openly sharing protocols, data, and computational code is central to current scholarly dissemination and communication, but in many fields, including plant pathology, adoption of these practices has been slow.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Globalization has made agricultural commodities more accessible, available, and affordable. However, their global movement increases the potential for invasion by pathogens and necessitates development and implementation of sensitive, rapid, and scalable surveillance methods. Here, we used 35 strains, isolated by multiple diagnostic laboratories, as a case study for using whole genome sequence data in a plant disease diagnostic setting.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF
Article Synopsis
  • Plant pathogens, like the one causing kauri dieback, threaten important tree species, making it crucial to understand their infection mechanisms for treatment development.
  • Genome sequencing has advanced, but assembling genomes with many repetitive sequences is still challenging, often missing key effector genes linked to virulence.
  • A comprehensive genome assembly identified 10 chromosomes with specific candidate effector genes, revealing significant gene duplication and the impact of transposons on gene variability.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF
Article Synopsis
  • Oomycete plant pathogens, which encompass over 180 species, significantly affect various plants, including important crops, leading to substantial economic and ecological consequences.
  • The study sequenced genomes and transcriptomes of 31 species, revealing differences in genome size, gene counts, and the types of effector genes linked to their ability to infect various plant hosts.
  • Using machine learning, researchers identified 44 horizontally transferred genes from bacteria or fungi across 36 species, suggesting these genetic exchanges are key to understanding the evolution and adaptability of oomycetes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF
Article Synopsis
  • Invasive exotic pathogens threaten global trees and forests, disrupting vital ecosystem services like carbon capture and water purification.
  • A study examined Phytophthora ramorum, a pathogen that causes sudden oak and larch death, discovering hybrids formed from both North American and European lineages through sexual recombination.
  • Genome sequencing revealed unique genotypes in these hybrids linked to host infection, suggesting they can effectively spread and impact forest health, underscoring the need for ongoing pathogen monitoring and management.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF

It has been two decades since the first detection of the sudden oak death pathogen in Oregon forests. Although the epidemic was managed since its first discovery in 2001, at least three invasions of three separate variants (clonal lineages), NA1, EU1, and NA2, are documented to have occurred to date. Control of this epidemic has cost over US$32 million from 2001 to 2020.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Werres, de Cock & Man in't Veld, causal agent of sudden oak death (SOD) and ramorum leaf blight, is comprised of four clonal lineages in its invasive ranges of North America and Europe (Grünwald et al. 2012, Van Poucke et al. 2012).

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Members of the agrobacteria-rhizobia complex (ARC) have multiple and diverse plasmids. The extent to which these plasmids are shared and the consequences of their interactions are not well understood. We extracted over 4000 plasmid sequences from 1251 genome sequences and constructed a network to reveal interactions that have shaped the evolutionary histories of oncogenic virulence plasmids.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

The degree of flooding commonly used to induce disease in Phytophthora root rot studies rarely occurs in container nurseries. Instead, over-irrigation and poor drainage result in plants periodically sitting in shallow pools of water. Rhododendron plants were grown in a noninfested substrate or substrate infested with or to determine whether root rot induced by flooding represents disease that occurs under simulated nursery conditions when plants are in a shallow pool of water (saucers), or are allowed to freely drain and maintained at ∼75% container capacity (CC).

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Soilborne inoculum arising from buried, infested leaf debris may contribute to the persistence of at recurrently positive nurseries. To initiate new epidemics, inoculum must not only survive but also produce sporangia during times conducive to infection at the soil surface. To assess this risk, we performed two year-long experiments in a soil plot at the National Ornamentals Research Site at Dominican University of California.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding the origin of the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. P. cinnamomi is a devastating, highly invasive soilborne pathogen associated with epidemics of agricultural, horticultural and forest plantations and native ecosystems worldwide.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF