Activity of the mammalian DNA transposon piggyBat from Myotis lucifugus is restricted by its own transposon ends.

Members of the piggyBac superfamily of DNA transposons are widely distributed in host genomes ranging from insects to mammals. The human genome has retained five piggyBac-derived genes as domesticated elements although they are no longer mobile. Here, we have investigated the transposition properties of piggyBat from Myotis lucifugus, the only known active mammalian DNA transposon, and show that its low activity in human cells is due to subterminal inhibitory DNA sequences.

Impact of Leg Position on Measurements Used to Detect Femoral Component Subsidence in THA.

Background: A fully automated artificial intelligence-based tool was developed to detect and quantify femoral component subsidence between serial radiographs. However, it did not account for measurement errors due to leg position differences, such as rotation or flexion, between comparative radiographs. If there are small differences in rotation or flexion of the leg between comparative radiographs, the impact on subsidence measurement is unclear.

Uncertainty-Aware Deep Learning Characterization of Knee Radiographs for Large-Scale Registry Creation.

Background: We present an automated image ingestion pipeline for a knee radiography registry, integrating a multilabel image-semantic classifier with conformal prediction-based uncertainty quantification and an object detection model for knee hardware.

Methods: Annotators retrospectively classified 26,000 knee images detailing presence, laterality, prostheses, and radiographic views. They further annotated surgical construct locations in 11,841 knee radiographs.

Uptake of health economic evaluations alongside clinical trials in Australia: an observational study.

Background: Australia's clinical trials sector is highly productive with continued sector investment needed to enhance research impact. Generating economic evidence alongside trials has the potential to facilitate the implementation of trial results into practice. Ascertaining the use of health economic evaluations alongside clinical trials can assist in determining whether clinical trials fully realize and operationalize their potential to change policy and practice.

Software using artificial intelligence for nodule and cancer detection in CT lung cancer screening: systematic review of test accuracy studies.

Objectives: To examine the accuracy and impact of artificial intelligence (AI) software assistance in lung cancer screening using CT.

Methods: A systematic review of CE-marked, AI-based software for automated detection and analysis of nodules in CT lung cancer screening was conducted. Multiple databases including Medline, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from 2012 to March 2023.

Regulation of bacterial virulence genes by PecS family transcription factors.

Bacterial plant pathogens adjust their gene expression programs in response to environmental signals and host-derived compounds. This ensures that virulence genes or genes encoding proteins, which promote bacterial fitness in a host environment, are expressed only when needed. Such regulation is in the purview of transcription factors, many of which belong to the ubiquitous multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) protein family.

The Impact of Leg Length and Offset Change on Dislocation Risk Following Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Background: Soft tissue management in total hip arthroplasty includes appropriate restoration and/or alteration of leg length (LL) and offset to re-establish natural hip biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of LL and offset-derived variables in a multivariable survival model for dislocation.

Methods: Clinical, surgical, and radiographic data was retrospectively acquired for 12,582 patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty at a single institution from 1998 to 2018.

Yeast Crf1p is an activator with different roles in regulation of target genes.

Under stress conditions, ribosome biogenesis is downregulated. This process requires that expression of ribosomal RNA, ribosomal protein, and ribosome biogenesis genes be controlled in a coordinated fashion. The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) participates in sensing unfavorable conditions to effect the requisite change in gene expression.

Economic evaluations performed alongside randomized implementation trials in clinical settings: a systematic review.

Background: Economic evaluations alongside implementation trials compare the outcomes and costs of competing implementation strategies to identify the most efficient strategies. The aims of this systematic review were to investigate how economic evaluations are performed in randomized implementation trials in clinical settings and to assess the quality of these evaluations.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted on 23 March 2023 to identify studies that reported on economic evaluations embedded in randomized implementation trials in clinical settings.

A Narrative Commentary on the Use of a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy-Informed Group to Address Irrational Beliefs, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Comorbidities.

Irrational beliefs of Demandingness, Catastrophizing, Low Frustration Tolerance, and Depreciation have demonstrated prevalence in disparate areas of life, including psychopathology, the military, politics, religion, and education. Individuals with mental health concerns, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), endorse elevations in such thoughts compared to the general population. This commentary describes the rationale for focusing on irrational beliefs in efforts to address PTSD and presents the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)-Informed Group for PTSD as a potential novel application of a well-established intervention.

Targeting bacterial transcription factors for infection control: opportunities and challenges.

The rising threat of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria emphasizes the need for new therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on bacterial transcription factors (TFs), which play crucial roles in bacterial pathogenesis. We discuss the regulatory roles of these factors through examples, and we outline potential therapeutic strategies targeting bacterial TFs.

Standardized Titration Protocol Reduces the Incidence of Paclitaxel Infusion-Related Hypersensitivity Reactions.

Purpose: Infusion-related hypersensitivity reactions with paclitaxel are common despite the use of dexamethasone and diphenhydramine premedications. Paclitaxel titration protocols that may reduce reactions are empirically derived from clinical observations, and there are no phase III trials that confirm superiority of any management recommendations. The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency and severity of hypersensitivity reactions associated with a recently initiated standardized paclitaxel titration protocol verses standard-of-care (SOC) infusion protocols.

In which context and for whom can interventions improve leadership of surgical trainees, surgeons and surgical teams and why: a realist review protocol.

Background: Improving effective leadership of individuals, groups, and healthcare organisations is essential for improving surgical performance and indirectly improving health outcomes for patients. Numerous systematic reviews have been conducted which seek to determine the effectiveness of specific leadership interventions across a range of disciplines and healthcare outcomes. The purpose of this realist review is to systematically synthesise the literature which examines in which context and for whom leadership interventions improve leadership of surgeons, surgical teams, and trainees.

Public health intelligence challenges for local public health authorities responding to disease outbreaks: a mixed-methods systematic review protocol.

Background: Information management capacity is crucial for controlling risks from health emergencies. But little is known about how sub-national public health bodies overcome public health intelligence challenges when responding to disease outbreaks. This paper describes a protocol for a mixed-methods systematic review to fill this knowledge gap.

A Stepwise Approach to Analyzing Musculoskeletal Imaging Data With Artificial Intelligence.

The digitization of medical records and expanding electronic health records has created an era of "Big Data" with an abundance of available information ranging from clinical notes to imaging studies. In the field of rheumatology, medical imaging is used to guide both diagnosis and treatment of a wide variety of rheumatic conditions. Although there is an abundance of data to analyze, traditional methods of image analysis are human resource intensive.

Culture, diversity and inclusion: a survey of British Hip Society members.

Aim: To explore the perceptions and experiences of members of the British Hip Society (BHS) as they relate to culture, diversity and inclusion in the professional sphere.

Method: BHS members participated in an anonymised online survey in 2021. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected on demographics, professional experiences and perceptions of workplace culture.

Preoperative Frontal and Parietal Bone Thickness Assessment to Predict Blood Loss and Transfusion During Extended Suturectomy for Isolated Sagittal Craniosynostosis.

Objective: To predict the morbidity of sagittal suturectomy using preoperative computer tomographic measurement of frontal and parietal bone thickness in osteotomy sites.

Design: Retrospective analysis.

Setting: Tertiary children's hospital.