Medical large language models are vulnerable to data-poisoning attacks.

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) in healthcare demands a careful analysis of their potential to spread false medical knowledge. Because LLMs ingest massive volumes of data from the open Internet during training, they are potentially exposed to unverified medical knowledge that may include deliberately planted misinformation. Here, we perform a threat assessment that simulates a data-poisoning attack against The Pile, a popular dataset used for LLM development.

Interrupted Versus Running Sutures for Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Cranial Bypass.

Background And Objectives: Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass is the workhorse for flow augmentation surgery. Although either interrupted or running sutures can be used to complete the anastomosis with high intraoperative patency rates, no previous study in the cranial bypass literature has compared long-term patency and maturity of end-to-side STA-MCA anastomoses. We compared STA-MCA anastomoses performed with running vs interrupted sutures by evaluating bypass flow and anastomotic maturation on follow-up vascular imaging.

Treatment of Acute Iatrogenic Cerebrovascular Injury Using Flow Diverter Stents.

Background And Objectives: Iatrogenic cerebrovascular injury can cause intracranial hemorrhage and pseudoaneurysm formation, putting patients at high risk for postoperative bleeding. No consensus for management exists. This study describes endovascular treatment of these acute injuries with flow diverter stents.

Trends in the corpus of literature on endoscopic third ventriculostomy: a bibliometric analysis spanning 3 decades.

Objective: The objective of this study was to report the results of a bibliometric analysis on the modern corpus of literature pertaining to endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). Prior bibliometrics studies on ETV have focused on highly cited articles, but an advanced bibliometric analysis has not yet been conducted.

Methods: The authors queried the Web of Science (WoS) for (ALL = (endoscopic third ventriculostomy)) OR (ALL = (ETV) AND ALL = (neurosurgery)).

[Non-ischemic priapism (post-traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the right cavernous body) in the background of Landusy-Dejerine myopathy].

Landouzy-Dejerine myopathy (Facial-shoulder-shoulder myodystrophy) is a disease which causes weakness of the muscles of the shoulder girdle, back and hip muscles, which predisposes patients to an increased risk of injury and disability. The article presents a clinical observation of non-ischemic priapism, which developed as a result of perineal trauma with the formation of a fistula of the right cavernous body in a patient against the background of facial shoulder-shoulder myodystrophy. Methods for the differential diagnosis of this condition are also discussed.

[Current approaches to targeted prostate biopsy].

Currently, prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy in men after lung cancer and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. According to world and national statistics, over the past 20 years, there has been a steady increase in both incidence and mortality from PCa. Prostate biopsy is the cornerstone of the PCa diagnosis.

Urethral leiomyoma: A rare neoplasm.

Extrauterine leiomyoma is a rare benign tumor, originating from smooth muscle cells, most often localized in the uterus. Extrauterine localization of leiomyoma is extremely rare. The presence of a neoplasm near the urethra always poses a challenge for differential diagnosis.

The Transaction Costs of Government Responses to the COVID-19 Emergency in Latin America.

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[A comparison of knot-free and interrupted suturing of vesicourethral anastomosis during learning curve of radical prostatectomy].

Background: Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) is the most popular treatment method for localized prostate cancer worldwide. This is a technically-demanding procedure with a long learning curve. Therefore, an improvement of the surgical technique is very important in order to simplify training for LRP.

[A comparison between enucleation of the prostate using holmium and thulium laser in volume over 80 cc: retrospective clinical study with 12-months follow-up].

Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate efficiency of thulium laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Materials And Methods: A retrospective analysis of 112 patients with BPH who underwent ThuLEP (n=60) or holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) (n=52) at our institution from January 2017 to June 2017 was carried out. The perioperative data and complication rate were assessed.

[Comparative assessment of treatments for prostate adenoma greater than 100 cm3].

Aim: To compare holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and endovideosurgical (EVS) adenomectomy in the treatment of prostate adenoma.

Materials And Methods: We compared treatment results of 180 patients with prostate adenomas greater than 100 cm3 who underwent EVS adenomectomy (n=90) and laser enucleation of the prostate (n=90). The analysis included the following parameters: duration of catheterization, length of postoperative hospital stay, I-PSS score, maximum urinary flow rate measured by uroflowmetry and complications according to Clavien-Dindo grading systems.

[Lethal poisoning with the death-cap mushrooms].

We have analysed morphological manifestations in five cases of lethal poisoning with the Death Cap toxin and compared the relevant clinical and laboratory findings with those in 15 survived subjects. It was shown based on the results of autopsy that poisoning was associated with hepatopathy, extensive hepatic necrosis, and nephropathy. Elevated blood bilirubin levels in conjunction with lowered prothrombin and fibrin concentrations appear to be the main causative factors responsible for the unfavourable prognosis of this intoxication.

Brines in seepage channels as eluants for subsurface relict biomolecules on Mars?

Water, vital for life, not only maintains the integrity of structural and metabolic biomolecules, it also transports them in solution or colloidal suspension. Any flow of water through a dormant or fossilized microbial community elutes molecules that are potentially recognizable as biomarkers. We hypothesize that the surface seepage channels emanating from crater walls and cliffs in Mars Orbiter Camera images results from fluvial erosion of the regolith as low-temperature hypersaline brines.

[The adaptive classification of the dynamic spectral patterns in the human EEG].

The classification technique of single spectra based on a matrix of intercorrelation between these spectra and the fixed set of standard spectral patterns (SP) has been put forward. Including in the classification technique a special procedure for automatic adaptation of the standard SP to given EEG records makes it possible to reduce the number of unclassified single spectra to a minimum (6-10%), which we can ignore during comparative analysis of the EEG classification profiles. Using the universal set of standard SP makes it possible to compare the results of classification of different EEG records.

A morphological view on potential niches for exobiology on Mars.

The discovery of microbiota in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica has encouraged the construction of new models of Martian ecosystems in order to determine if life could have once existed on Mars. The Antarctic cyanobacteria reside just below the surface of sandstone rocks where they are protected from the extreme cold and dry environment. Analogy with the Antarctic Dry Valleys supports speculation that hypothetical micro-organisms existed on Mars in the early history of the planet and could have migrated into suitable rocks as the availability of liquid water decreased.

The level of tetanus immunity in the population of villages in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Determination of the level of tetanus immunity in different age groups of a population is important in relation to the results of mass immunization of the population with vaccines containing tetanus toxoid.In this study, the level of tetanus antitoxin in sera from 1053 inhabitants of 6 villages in Bosnia and Herzegovina was determined by means of the passive haemagglutination test. The results show that children from 1 to 14 years of age regularly immunized with DT and DTP vaccines possessed a high level of immunity against tetanus (geometric mean antitoxin titre >/=0.