Progression of the faecal microbiome in preweaning dairy calves that develop cryptosporidiosis.

Background: Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease that commonly affects calves under 6 weeks old. The causative agent, Cryptosporidium parvum, has been associated with the abundance of specific taxa in the faecal microbiome during active infection. However, the long-term impact of these microbiome shifts, and potential effects on calf growth and health have not yet been explored in depth.

Hypercoagulation after Hospital Discharge in Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Study.

Background & Aims: Venous thromboembolism is a serious complication during and following hospitalization with acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC). We evaluated serial thrombotic profiles of patients with ASUC from the point of hospitalization up to 12 weeks post-discharge and compared these with control patients with quiescent UC.

Methods: Twenty-seven patients with ASUC and 25 control patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis (UC) were recruited.

Diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative pelvic autonomic nerve monitoring during rectal surgery: a systematic review.

Purpose: Anorectal and urogenital dysfunctions are common after rectal surgery and have a significant impact on quality of life. Intraoperative pelvic autonomic nerve monitoring (pIONM) has been proposed as a tool to identify patients at risk of these functional sequelae. This systematic review aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of pIONM in detecting anorectal and urogenital dysfunction following rectal surgery.

The 2024 British Society for Rheumatology guideline for management of systemic sclerosis.

This guideline was developed according to the British Society for Rheumatology Guidelines Protocol by a Guideline Development Group comprising healthcare professionals with expertise in SSc and people with lived experience, as well as patient organization representatives. It is an update of the previous 2015 SSc guideline. The recommendations were developed and agreed by the group and are underpinned by published evidence, assessed by systematic literature review and reinforced by collective expert opinion of the group.

The 2024 British Society for Rheumatology guideline for management of systemic sclerosis-executive summary.

This guideline was developed according to the British Society for Rheumatology Guidelines Protocol by a Guideline Development Group comprising healthcare professionals with expertise in SSc and people with lived experience, as well as patient organization representatives. It is an update of the previous 2015 SSc guideline. The recommendations were developed and agreed by the group and are underpinned by published evidence, assessed by systematic literature review and reinforced by collective expert opinion of the group.

A reduction in self-reported confidence accompanies the recall of memories distorted by prototypes.

When we recall a past event, we reconstruct the event based on a combination of episodic details and semantic knowledge (e.g., prototypes).

Reconstructing Spatiotemporal Trajectories of Visual Object Memories in the Human Brain.

How the human brain reconstructs, step-by-step, the core elements of past experiences is still unclear. Here, we map the spatiotemporal trajectories along which visual object memories are reconstructed during associative recall. Specifically, we inquire whether retrieval reinstates feature representations in a copy-like but reversed direction with respect to the initial perceptual experience, or alternatively, this reconstruction involves format transformations and regions beyond initial perception.

Impact of environmental air pollution on respiratory health and function.

Environmental air pollution presents a considerable risk to global respiratory health. If critical levels are exceeded, inhaled pollutants can lead to the development of respiratory dysfunction and provoke exacerbation in those with pre-existing chronic respiratory disease. Over 90% of the global population currently reside in areas where environmental air pollution is considered excessive-with adverse effects ranging from acute airway irritation to complex immunomodulatory alterations.

Developing a curriculum for advanced fellowship training in complex cancer for the UK.

Aim: Surgery for complex colorectal cancer is elaborate: preoperative assessment, patient selection, radiological interpretation, operative strategy, operative technical skills, operative standardization, postoperative care and management of complications are all critical components. Given this complexity, training that encompasses all these crucial aspects to generate suitably edified surgeons is essential. To date, no curriculum exists to guide training in advanced and recurrent pelvic malignancy, particularly for complex colorectal cancer.

Spindle-locked ripples mediate memory reactivation during human NREM sleep.

Memory consolidation relies in part on the reactivation of previous experiences during sleep. The precise interplay of sleep-related oscillations (slow oscillations, spindles and ripples) is thought to coordinate the information flow between relevant brain areas, with ripples mediating memory reactivation. However, in humans empirical evidence for a role of ripples in memory reactivation is lacking.

Mechanistic Insights into Cs-Ion Exchange in the Zeolite Chabazite from Powder X-Ray Diffraction.

Zeolites contain extraframework cations that are exchangeable under favorable aqueous conditions; this is the fundamental feature for their application in water purification and necessary to produce cation forms for other applications such as catalysis. Optimization of the process is common, but there is little fundamental understanding based on real-time experiments of the mechanism of exchange for most zeolites. The sodium and potassium forms of zeolite chabazite selectively uptake Cs by ion exchange, leading to its application in removing radioactive Cs from industrial nuclear waste streams, as well as from contaminated environments in the aftermath of the Fukushima and Three Mile Island accidents.

A prospective cohort study of factors associated with the digital cushion thickness in dairy cattle.

Key factors such as stage of lactation, parity, and body fat reserves have been associated with the digital cushion thickness (DCT), however, there are discrepancies between the results of previously published studies. The objective of this study was to examine the association of stage of lactation, body fat reserves, parity, and lesion incidence with DCT in a large cohort of intensively monitored cows. Across 4 UK farms, 2,352 cows were prospectively enrolled and assessed at 4 time points: before calving (T1-Precalving), immediately after calving (T2-Calving), in early lactation (T3-Early), and in late lactation (T4-Late).

Cardiac substructure delineation in radiation therapy - A state-of-the-art review.

Delineation of cardiac substructures is crucial for a better understanding of radiation-related cardiotoxicities and to facilitate accurate and precise cardiac dose calculation for developing and applying risk models. This review examines recent advancements in cardiac substructure delineation in the radiation therapy (RT) context, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the current level of knowledge, challenges and future directions in this evolving field. Imaging used for RT planning presents challenges in reliably visualising cardiac anatomy.

Electrophysiological signatures of veridical head direction in humans.

Information about heading direction is critical for navigation as it provides the means to orient ourselves in space. However, given that veridical head-direction signals require physical rotation of the head and most human neuroimaging experiments depend upon fixing the head in position, little is known about how the human brain is tuned to such heading signals. Here we adress this by asking 52 healthy participants undergoing simultaneous electroencephalography and motion tracking recordings (split into two experiments) and 10 patients undergoing simultaneous intracranial electroencephalography and motion tracking recordings to complete a series of orientation tasks in which they made physical head rotations to target positions.

Differences in management approaches for lupus nephritis within the UK.

Objectives: Outcomes of therapy for LN are often suboptimal. Guidelines offer varied options for treatment of LN and treatment strategies may differ between clinicians and regions. We aimed to assess variations in the usual practice of UK physicians who treat LN.

Long-term organic amendments increase the vulnerability of microbial respiration to environmental changes: Evidence from field and laboratory studies.

Organic amendments can improve soil fertility and microbial diversity, making agroecosystems more resilient to stress. However, it is uncertain whether organic amendments will enhance the functional capacity of soil microbial communities, thereby mitigating fluctuations in microbial respiration caused by environmental changes. Here, we examined the impacts of long-term organic amendments on the dynamics of microbial catabolic capacity (characterized by enzyme activities and carbon source utilization) and microbial respiration, as well as their interrelationships during a period with fluctuating temperature and rainfall in the field.

Drivers of geophagy by red brocket deer () at Amazonian interior forest mineral licks.

Mineral licks are key ecological components of the Amazon rainforest, providing critical dietary functions for herbivorous and frugivorous mammals and birds, which help maintain the structure and function of the forest itself through seed and nutrient dispersal. One of the most frequent visitors of interior forest mineral licks in the Amazon is the red brocket deer (), a large-bodied ruminant frugivore and seed predator. While several hypotheses for the drivers of geophagy exist, including mineral supplementation, toxin adsorption, and habitat selection, robust data on geophagy for the red brocket deer for large numbers of mineral licks is nonexistent.

Association between a genetic index for digital dermatitis resistance and the presence of digital dermatitis, heel horn erosion, and interdigital hyperplasia in Holstein cows.

Digital dermatitis (DD) is a polybacterial disease endemic to most UK dairy farms. It poses a major financial and welfare threat and is characterized by high incidence and recurrence rates. We aimed to investigate the association between the UK EBV for resistance to digital dermatitis, the digital dermatitis index (DDI), and the frequency of DD, heel horn erosion (HHE), and interdigital hyperplasia (IH) in a population of Holstein dairy cows.