Synthesis of PLGA-Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery Using the Emulsion Method PLGA-PEG-Lipid Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery.

The effective delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to tumor cells remains a challenge for applications in cancer therapy. The development of polymeric nanoparticles with high siRNA loading efficacy has shown great potential for cancer targets. Double emulsion solvent evaporation technique is a useful tool for encapsulation of hydrophilic molecules (e.

Physiologic variability at the verge of systemic inflammation: multiscale entropy of heart rate variability is affected by very low doses of endotoxin.

Introduction: Human injury or infection induces systemic inflammation with characteristic neuroendocrine responses. Fluctuations in autonomic function during inflammation are reflected by beat-to-beat variation in heart rate, termed heart rate variability (HRV). In the present study, we determine threshold doses of endotoxin needed to induce observable changes in markers of systemic inflammation, investigate whether metrics of HRV exhibit a differing threshold dose from other inflammatory markers, and investigate the size of data sets required for meaningful use of multiscale entropy (MSE) analysis of HRV.

On heart rate variability and autonomic activity in homeostasis and in systemic inflammation.

Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a promising diagnostic technique due to the noninvasive nature of the measurements involved and established correlations with disease severity, particularly in inflammation-linked disorders. However, the complexities underlying the interpretation of HRV complicate understanding the mechanisms that cause variability. Despite this, such interpretations are often found in literature.

Path length entropy analysis of diastolic heart sounds.

Early detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) using the acoustic approach, a noninvasive and cost-effective method, would greatly improve the outcome of CAD patients. To detect CAD, we analyze diastolic sounds for possible CAD murmurs. We observed diastolic sounds to exhibit 1/f structure and developed a new method, path length entropy (PLE) and a scaled version (SPLE), to characterize this structure to improve CAD detection.

Noise detection in heart sound recordings.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Although progression of CAD can be controlled using drugs and diet, it is usually detected in advanced stages when invasive treatment is required. Current methods to detect CAD are invasive and/or costly, hence not suitable as a regular screening tool to detect CAD in early stages.

Immunocytochemical characterization of lung tumors in fine-needle aspiration. The use of cytokeratin monoclonal antibodies for the differential diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

In the current study, immunocytochemical typing of intermediate filaments was used for a differential diagnosis of human lung tumors from transthoracic fine-needle aspiration biopsies (TFNAB). The authors have compared the cytologic diagnosis of 53 lung cancer cases with the immunofluorescence patterns obtained using a panel of monoclonal antibodies, five of which (KG 8.13, KM 4.

The distribution of lectin receptor sites in human breast lesions.

Conflicting data regarding the status of A, B, H and T antigens in epithelium of normal, mastopathies, fibroadenomas and carcinomas of the breast stimulated us to re-examine the carbohydrate residues in these condition. Currently, we extended the number of carbohydrate residues studied by using ten different biotinylated lectins as probes and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) as a visualant. In addition, the pattern of lectin staining of cancerous cells in primary and metastatic sites was compared.

Renovascular hypertension in spontaneous hypertensive rats: an experimental model of renal artery stenosis superimposed on essential hypertension.

Renovascular hypertension superimposed on essential hypertension, a condition encountered in the elderly, was studied. An experimental animal model consisting of a two-kidney one-clip Goldblatt preparation in the spontaneous hypertensive (SHR) rat, that would simulate this condition, was designed. A 0.

Leiomyoma of the anal canal: report of two cases.

Leiomyoma of the rectum and anal canal is an unusual clinical entity. Generally, it does not produce any clinical signs and in most cases it is discovered incidentally in the course of routine rectal examination. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical treatment are described in two presented cases of anal canal leiomyoma.

Metachronous leiomyosarcoma in colostomy after abdominoperineal resection for rectal carcinoma.

Leiomyosarcoma of the colon is a rare neoplasm. It is widely known that primary malignant lesions may present either simultaneously (synchronous tumor) or at different times (metachronous tumor). The incidence of metachronous colonic mucosal carcinoma is generally considered to range from 3 to 5%.

Histopathologic reproducibility of thyroid disease in an epidemiologic study.

An investigation of the long-term effects of childhood scalp irradiation demonstrated a significantly increased risk of thyroid tumors in the irradiated population. Because of the complexity of thyroid cancer diagnosis, a histopathologic slide review of 59 of the 68 patients (irradiated and nonirradiated) with thyroid disease was undertaken. The review revealed 90% agreement (kappa = +0.

Long-term survival in bronchogenic carcinoma with a solitary metastasis.

Partial resection of a huge anaplastic large cell carcinoma of the upper lobe of the right lung was performed in a 47-year-old patient in order to relieve symptoms of pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Several months later a solitary metastasis was noted in the muscles of the right forearm. The metastasis was resected and the forearm irradiated.

Resistant hypertension associated with a renin-producing ovarian Sertoli cell tumor.

A 17-year-old girl with refractory, but nonmalignant, hypertension and hypokalemia is presented. A state of primary hyperreninism and secondary hyperaldosteronism was found to exist, together with a renin-producing Sertoli cell ovarian tumor. Upon removal of the tumor, this patient attained both a normotensive and a normokalemic state.

Frozen-section diagnosis in surgical pathology. A prospective analysis of 526 frozen sections.

Five hundred eighty-six consecutive frozen-section consultations performed during a 1-year period were studied prospectively in order to assess the accuracy of the method and develop a quality control mechanism. The overall accuracy was 97.1%.

Bilateral primary malignant lymphoma of the breast.

A rare case of bilateral primary malignant lymphoma of breast in a 76 year old woman is presented. The lesion was examined by electron microscopy and immunochemistry. The diagnosis of primary malignant lymphoma remains a diagnosis by exclusion and requires extensive work-up to exclude widespread malignant process.

Electro-microscopic observations of liver lesions after intravenous inoculation of mouldy hay extracts.

With the aid of the electron microscope, a number of histopathological changes in the liver of mice caused by mycotoxins from mouldy hay were examined and studied. These changes were observed in the mitochondria, the cell nucleus, and the cell membranes, and included fatty and parenchymal degeneration, plasma granulation, vacuolisation and vesiculation, glycogen secretion, incorporation into RNA, karyolysis and karyolaxis, and space of Disse constriction.

Kaposi's sarcoma and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD) are exceptionally rare neoplastic diseases, although the former has recently been more frequently reported among certain populations, and is lately a topic for extensive medical and investigational interest. This case is unique in that it describes an association between KS and AILD. Such an association raises the question of a common pathogenic mechanism.

Kidney fibroxanthoma (malignant fibrous xanthoma): a rare tumor and an unusual cause of retroperitoneal hemorrhage.

A case of kidney fibroxanthoma (malignant fibrous xanthoma, malignant variant of xanthogranuloma), a rare malignant neoplasm of kidney, is described. In addition to the typical histologic features of retroperitoneal xanthogranuloma, this tumor showed obvious pleomorphism and mitotic activity of the histiocytes. We present this case in view of the rarity of this neoplasm and the unusual presentation as massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage.

Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma: a review of 21 cases.

A retrospective study of 21 patients who had suffered from gastrointestinal lymphoma was carried out. Gastric involvement was more common than involvement of the small or large intestine and carried a better prognosis. Gastrointestinal lymphoma generally occurs most frequently during the fourth to seventh decades of life.

Collagenous colitis. Report of a case.

A 50-year-old woman presented with a long history of nausea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and intermittent watery diarrhea. All investigations were negative except for the finding, on five separate colonoscopic biopsies, of a layer of band-like collagen beneath the surface epithelium, diagnostic of collagenous colitis.

Cellular events in adhesion formation due to thermal trauma.

Consequent to thermal traumatization of the intestinal wall of the mouse, histopathological events ensue which lead to peritoneal adhesion formation. In the first 48 h, the main pathological findings are of a necrotic and inflammatory nature, but subsequently fibroplasia is the main feature, as evidenced by the appearance of spindle-shaped cells followed by fibroblasts. Factors essential for and contributing to the formation of adhesions are described.

A model for adhesion formation by thermal injury in the abdominal cavity of the mouse.

An experimental model for inducing peritoneal adhesions in mice is described. Measurable thermal trauma can be inflicted by the application of a heated metal object, for a given lapse of time, to the surface of a section of mouse intestine. Parameters of temperature, area and application time were so manipulated as to obtain adhesions in only 70-75% of treated mice.