Prevention of chronic allograft nephropathy with vitamin D.

Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is the leading cause of late allograft loss in kidney transplantation. Interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis are characteristic of CAN. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1) is associated with both of these histologic findings in the transplant setting.

Vitamin D as immunomodulatory therapy for kidney transplantation.

Vitamin D (1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3)]) has been studied in the past for its immunosuppressive properties, and, in that context, it may also have potential utility as an immunomodulatory agent for transplantation. A number of studies have demonstrated that 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) or its analogs regulate immune cell proliferation, differentiation, and responsiveness. A burgeoning number of studies have also explored using 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and its analogs directly as therapy in animal models of kidney transplantation with success in prolonging allograft function and preventing acute rejection.