Filling gaps in trustworthy development of AI.

Incident sharing, auditing, and other concrete mechanisms could help verify the trustworthiness of actors.

"For Jimmy and the boys and girls of America": publicizing childhood cancers in twentieth-century America.

This paper examines a collection of images of children printed in cancer education and fund-raising materials distributed by voluntary health organizations, released by public relations departments of specialized cancer hospitals, and featured in popular magazines and newspapers beginning in the late 1940s. Children represented only a small fraction of all persons with cancer, yet they became a key component of the media campaign for the disease. What narratives were embedded in the photographs and profiles? Like the March of Dimes' use of young polio patients to promote their programs, "poster children" were strategically used throughout the mid-to-late twentieth century to advance principles of early cancer detection and prompt treatment; to illustrate or, at times, exaggerate promising biomedical advances in the field; and to elicit emotional responses and donations from a wide audience during the escalation of the war against cancer.

Where does hematology end and oncology begin? Questions of professional boundaries and medical authority.

This article recounts the development of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and explores the role of its members in defining oncology's boundaries-boundaries dictated by scientific innovations, major changes in the structure of medical specialization, and the competing efforts of closely related professional groups. Oral histories, journal articles, and unpublished materials from the ASCO History of Oncology Archive were reviewed to analyze these events closely. In 1972, the American Board of Internal Medicine recognized medical oncology as a subspecialty, creating tensions between oncology and hematology as each discipline defended its identity.

Death be not proud: children, families, and cancer in postwar America.

On 30 June 1947, after a fifteen-month illness, seventeen-year-old Johnny Gunther died from a rare brain tumor. In Death Be Not Proud, Johnny's father, noted journalist John Gunther, meticulously recorded the exhaustive hunt for therapeutic options he and his ex-wife pursued during their son's illness. In "A Word from Frances," a short section written by Johnny's mother, she reflected upon her relationship with her son and his untimely death.

The formation of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the development of a medical specialty, 1964-1973.

In April 1964, seven physicians met to discuss the formation of a new medical society for clinicians interested in the management of patients with cancer. Chemical warfare research during World War II had led to the advent of chemotherapeutic agents, a new, systemic approach toward cancer treatment. While skeptics questioned the benefits of chemotherapy, some internists viewed these drugs as promising new tools.