Predicting the onset of chronic kidney disease (CKD) for diabetic patients with aggregated longitudinal EMR data.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects over 13% of the population, totaling more than 800 million individuals worldwide. Timely identification and intervention are crucial to delay CKD progression and improve patient outcomes. This research focuses on developing a predictive model to classify diabetic patients showing signs of kidney function impairment based on their CKD development risk.

The co-occurrence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy among middle-aged and older adults in Canada: A cross-sectional study using the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) and the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network (CPCSSN).

Background: There is an increasing prevalence of multiple conditions (multimorbidity) and multiple medications (polypharmacy) across many populations. Previous literature has focused on the prevalence and impact of these health states separately, but there is a need to better understand their co-occurrence.

Methods And Findings: This study reported on multimorbidity and polypharmacy among middle-aged and older adults in two national datasets: the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) and the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network (CPCSSN).

Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Adults Aged ≥65 Years With Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Cross-sectional Study of Different Drug Funding Policies.

Objectives: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) provide heart and kidney benefits in adults with diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Public drug coverage policies for SGLT2is differ by province in Canada. In this study, we describe the potential effects of prior authorization/step therapy (PA/ST) and relatively high income-based deductibles, compared with regular benefit status with modest copay, on SGLT2i prescriptions in high-risk adults.

Process evaluation of two large randomized controlled trials to understand factors influencing family physicians' use of antibiotic audit and feedback reports.

Background: Unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions in primary care are common and contribute to antimicrobial resistance in the population. Audit and feedback (A&F) on antibiotic prescribing to primary care can improve the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing, but the optimal approach is uncertain. We performed two pragmatic randomized controlled trials of different approaches to audit and feedback.

Interventions that have potential to help older adults living with social frailty: a systematic scoping review.

Background: The impact of social frailty on older adults is profound including mortality risk, functional decline, falls, and disability. However, effective strategies that respond to the needs of socially frail older adults are lacking and few studies have unpacked how social determinants operate or how interventions can be adapted during periods requiring social distancing and isolation such as the COVID-19 pandemic. To address these gaps, we conducted a scoping review using JBI methodology to identify interventions that have the best potential to help socially frail older adults (age ≥65 years).

Factors associated with plans for early retirement among Ontario family physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Higher numbers of family physicians (FPs) stopped practicing or retired during the COVID-19 pandemic, worsening the family doctor shortage in Canada. Our study objective was to determine which factors were associated with FPs' plans to retire earlier during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: We administered two cross-sectional online surveys to Ontario FPs asking whether they were "planning to retire earlier" as a result of the pandemic during the first and third COVID-19 pandemic waves (Apr-Jun 2020 and Mar-Jul 2021).

Essential requirements for the governance and management of data trusts, data repositories, and other data collaborations.

Introduction: Around the world, many organisations are working on ways to increase the use, sharing, and reuse of person-level data for research, evaluation, planning, and innovation while ensuring that data are secure and privacy is protected. As a contribution to broader efforts to improve data governance and management, in 2020 members of our team published 12 minimum specification essential requirements (min specs) to provide practical guidance for organisations establishing or operating data trusts and other forms of data infrastructure.

Approach And Aims: We convened an international team, consisting mostly of participants from Canada and the United States of America, to test and refine the original 12 min specs.

Multimorbidity and Blood Pressure Control in Patients Attending Primary Care in Canada.

Background: There has been conflicting evidence on the association between multimorbidity and blood pressure (BP) control. This study aimed to investigate this associations in people with hypertension attending primary care in Canada, and to assess whether individual long-term conditions are associated with BP control.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in people with hypertension attending primary care in Toronto between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019.

Breast Cancer Screening Among Females With and Without Schizophrenia.

Importance: Breast cancer screening with mammography is recommended in Ontario, Canada, for females 50 years or older. Females with schizophrenia are at higher risk of breast cancer, but in Ontario it is currently unknown whether breast cancer screening completion differs between those with vs without schizophrenia and whether primary care payment models are a factor.

Objective: To compare breast cancer screening completion within 2 years after the 50th birthday among females with and without schizophrenia, and to identify the association between breast cancer screening completion and different primary care payment models.

Developing an Audit and Feedback Dashboard for Family Physicians: User-Centered Design Process.

Background: Audit and feedback (A&F), the summary and provision of clinical performance data, is a common quality improvement strategy. Successful design and implementation of A&F-or any quality improvement strategy-should incorporate evidence-informed best practices as well as context-specific end user input.

Objective: We used A&F theory and user-centered design to inform the development of a web-based primary care A&F dashboard.

Quality indices for topic model selection and evaluation: a literature review and case study.

Background: Topic models are a class of unsupervised machine learning models, which facilitate summarization, browsing and retrieval from large unstructured document collections. This study reviews several methods for assessing the quality of unsupervised topic models estimated using non-negative matrix factorization. Techniques for topic model validation have been developed across disparate fields.

Tolerability of bedtime diuretics: a prospective cohort analysis.

Objectives: We sought to validate, or refute, the common belief that bedtime diuretics are poorly tolerated due to nocturia.

Design: Prespecified prospective cohort analysis embedded within the randomised BedMed trial, in which hypertensive participants are randomised to morning versus bedtime antihypertensive administration.

Setting: 352 community family practices across 4 Canadian provinces between March 2017 and September 2020.

Identify and classify interprofessional primary care performance indicators: a scoping review protocol.

Introduction: Measuring the performance of interprofessional primary care is needed to examine whether this model of care is achieving its desired outcomes on patient care and health system effectiveness as well as to guide quality improvement initiatives. The aim of this scoping review is to map the literature on primary care performance measurement indicators to determine the extent to which current indicators capture or could be adapted to capture processes, outputs and outcomes that reflect interprofessional primary care.

Methods And Analysis: The review will be guided by the six-stage framework by Arksey and O'Malley (2005).

The Influence of Age, Sex, and Socioeconomic Status on Glycemic Control Among People With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Canada: Patient-Led Longitudinal Retrospective Cross-sectional Study With Multiple Time Points of Measurement.

Background: Clinical guidelines for most adults with diabetes recommend maintaining hemoglobin A (HbA) levels ≤7% (≤53 mmol/mol) to avoid microvascular and macrovascular complications. People with diabetes of different ages, sexes, and socioeconomic statuses may differ in their ease of attaining this goal.

Objective: As a team of people with diabetes, researchers, and health professionals, we aimed to explore patterns in HbA results among people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Canada.

Applying QI-focused SPIDER approach to safer deprescribing for geriatric patients: Results of the Toronto Feasibility Study.

Context: More than 25% of Canadian seniors are prescribed 10+ different medications each year. There is a direct association between more medications and persistent high care needs/costs for seniors. Effective and appropriate deprescribing for seniors in primary care is needed.

Using Primary Care Clinical Text Data and Natural Language Processing to Identify Indicators of COVID-19 in Toronto, Canada.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether a rule-based natural language processing (NLP) system, applied to primary care clinical text data, could be used to monitor COVID-19 viral activity in Toronto, Canada. We employed a retrospective cohort design. We included primary care patients with a clinical encounter between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020 at one of 44 participating clinical sites.

Using ICD-9 diagnostic codes for external validation of topic models derived from primary care electronic medical record clinical text data.

Unsupervised topic models are often used to facilitate improved understanding of large unstructured clinical text datasets. In this study we investigated how ICD-9 diagnostic codes, collected alongside clinical text data, could be used to establish concurrent-, convergent- and discriminant-validity of learned topic models. Retrospective open cohort design.

Emulating a Target Trial Using Primary-Care Electronic Health Records: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Medications and Hemoglobin A1c.

Substantial effort has been dedicated to conducting randomized controlled experiments to generate clinical evidence for diabetes treatment. Randomized controlled experiments are the gold standard for establishing cause and effect. However, due to their high cost and time commitment, large observational databases such as those comprised of electronic health record (EHR) data collected in routine primary care may provide an alternative source with which to address such causal objectives.

Estimation of marginal structural models under irregular visits and unmeasured confounder: calibrated inverse probability weights.

Clinical information collected in electronic health records (EHRs) is becoming an essential source to emulate randomized experiments. Since patients do not interact with the healthcare system at random, the longitudinal information in large observational databases must account for irregular visits. Moreover, we need to also account for subject-specific unmeasured confounders which may act as a common cause for treatment assignment mechanism (e.

Comprehensiveness of care for women with depression: Association between primary care use and cervical cancer screening.

Objective: To explore comprehensiveness of care in patients with depression by examining associations between a diagnosis of depression, frequency of primary care visits, and Papanicolaou test completion.

Design: Cross-sectional retrospective survey using electronic medical record data from the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network.

Setting: Primary care practices in Ontario.

Factors Associated With Initiation of Antidepressant Medication in Adults With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Primary Care Retrospective Cohort Study in Ontario, Canada.

Objectives: Depression in patients with diabetes mellitus is common and associated with poorer outcomes. This study aims to identify demographic, socioeconomic and medical factors associated with the initiation of antidepressant medication after a diagnosis of diabetes in adult patients without a previous prescription for antidepressants. We also examined frequency of primary care visits in the year after antidepressant initiation compared with the year before treatment began.

Socioeconomic and immigration status and COVID-19 testing in Toronto, Ontario: retrospective cross-sectional study.

Background: Preliminary evidence suggests that individuals living in lower income neighbourhoods are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection. The relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and COVID-19 risk warrants further study.

Methods: We explored the association between COVID-19 test positivity and patients' socio-demographic variables, using neighborhood sociodemographic data collected retrospectively from two COVID-19 Assessment Centres in Toronto, ON.

Marginal Structural Models Using Calibrated Weights With SuperLearner: Application to Type II Diabetes Cohort.

As different scientific disciplines begin to converge on machine learning for causal inference, we demonstrate the application of machine learning algorithms in the context of longitudinal causal estimation using electronic health records. Our aim is to formulate a marginal structural model for estimating diabetes care provisions in which we envisioned hypothetical (i.e.