[Balancing family and career for female physicians in Germany: insights from a survey of female urologists].

Background: The shortage of skilled labor in medicine is one of the most pressing challenges in healthcare. The increasing number of women in medicine, particularly in the field of urology, raises questions about the compatibility of family and career, especially concerning the work environment and working time models.

Objective: The aim of this study is to capture the impact of motherhood on the professional lives of female physicians and scientists in the field of urology in Germany.

[Factors influencing job satisfaction of female urologists-results of a survey by the German Society of Urology (DGU)].

Introduction: Job satisfaction is a valuable good. However, literature on job satisfaction of female and male physicians, especially in the field of urology, is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate job satisfaction among female members of the German Society of Urology (DGU).

[Promoting women in urology using the example of habilitation].

Background: The proportion of female urologists is steadily increasing, yet they continue to be underrepresented in academic leadership positions. A postdoctoral lecture qualification (habilitation), which is mandatory for a successful scientific career, is achieved significantly less often by female urologists in Germany than by their male colleagues.

Objective: To identify factors to effectively promote female urologists into academic leadership positions, the current situation, as well as factors influencing successful habilitation of women who are members of the German Society of Urology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Urologie [DGU]) were investigated.

Outcome of slow pathway modulation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia with 50 versus 30 watts-more power, more effect?

Purpose: Slow pathway modulation is the treatment of choice in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). No comparative data on ablation strategies exist. Therefore, we sought to compare two common ablation approaches.

[Health risk railroad noise - prognosis of potential health risks subsequent to night-time exposure to railroad noise in the German part of the Transversal Rotterdam Genova].

Based on risk coefficients for cardiovascular and psychiatric disease derived from a case-control study in the vicinity of a major German airport, statistics on persons exposed to night-time railroad noise in the vicinity of the Rotterdam-Genova Transversal, and on health expenditure calculations by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany a prognosis on effects of railroad noise was performed. It resulted for 1 10-year period in nearly 75 000 excess cases of diseases, nearly 30 000 excess deaths and health expenditures of 3.8 billion euros.

[Social and economic consequences of night-time aircraft noise in the vicinity of Frankfurt/Main airport].

A prospective calculation of disease-related social and economic costs due to night-time aircraft noise in the vicinity of Frankfurt/Main airport was performed for the calendar years 2012-2021. It was based on risk estimates for a variety of diagnostic entities (cardiovascular disease, depression, psychosis, diabetes mellitus, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, all cancers except malignancies of the respiratory system) from a previous case-control study on more than 1 million persons enrolled in compulsory sickness funds in the vicinity of the Cologne-Bonn airport, on disease-related cost estimates performed by the German Federal Statistical Office for the calender years 2002-2008, and calculations of the population exposed to night-time aircraft noise in the vicinity of Frankfurt/Main airport (2005 aircraft routes and flight frequencies). Total estimated costs came to more than 1.

Risk factors for nasal malignancies in German men: the South-German Nasal cancer study.

Background: There are few studies of the effects of nasal snuff and environmental factors on the risk of nasal cancer. This study aimed to investigate the impact of using nasal snuff and of other risk factors on the risk of nasal cancer in German men.

Methods: A population-based case-control study was conducted in the German Federal States of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of lung cancer-Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: Lung cancer rates increase among women in many regions of the world. To explore whether menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) plays a role.

Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the literature and performed meta-analyses of cohort studies (C), case-control studies (CC), randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and cancer registry studies (CR) to analyse the impact of estrogen therapy (ET), estrogen/progestin therapy (EPT) and any hormone therapy (HT) on lung cancer risks.

Population-based research on occupational and environmental factors for leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the Northern Germany Leukemia and Lymphoma Study (NLL).

Background: The Northern Germany Leukemia and Lymphoma Study (NLL) is a population-based study designed to provide a quantitative basis for investigations into occupational and environmental risk factors for leukemia and lymphoma.

Methods: All incident cases of leukemia and lymphoma diagnosed between 1/1/1986 and 12/31/1998 in six counties in Northern Germany were actively ascertained. Controls were selected from population registries.

Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of ovarian cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Knowledge about the impact of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) on the risk of ovarian cancer (OvC) is insufficient, and studies are inconsistent. Mortality from OvC ranks highest among cancer sites in female reproductive organs. We performed meta-analyses to assess the impact of specified types of MHT on the risk of OvC in cohort studies (CS), case-control studies (CCS), randomized controlled trials (RCT) and cancer registry studies (CRS).

A pooled analysis of bladder cancer case-control studies evaluating smoking in men and women.

Objective: A recent study suggested that risk of bladder cancer may be higher in women than in men who smoked comparable amounts of cigarettes. We pooled primary data from 14 case-control studies of bladder cancer from Europe and North America and evaluated differences in risk of smoking by gender.

Methods: The pooled analysis included 8316 cases (21% women) and 17,406 controls (28% women) aged 30-79 years.

Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials.

We conducted meta-analyses to assess the impact of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) on the risk of incident invasive breast cancer (BC) in cohort studies (CS), case-control studies (CCS) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published 1989-2004. We used published data providing information upon unopposed estrogen therapy (ET), estrogen-progestin therapy (EPT) or all MHT combined. Major outcomes were MHT-associated overall risk of BC and change of risk per year used.

The impact of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial 2002 on perceived risk communication and use of postmenopausal hormone therapy in Germany.

Objective: The purpose of this representative, nationwide telephone survey was to collect information about postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) use in relation to women's knowledge about the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial 2002 (WHI-RCT) in Germany.

Design: During July 2003, telephone interviews were conducted with randomly selected women aged 45 to 60 years (N = 10,030; response 59.9%; completed interviews n = 6,007).

A population-based evaluation of an intervention to improve advanced stage cancer pain management.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a community-oriented intervention in one part of the Free Town of Bremen, northern Germany (population 541,000) on the prescription prevalence of World Health Organization (WHO) class III opioids for cancer patients in their final year of life. A community-oriented, multimodal intervention included information, teaching, and training modules tailored to physicians, pharmacists, nursing staff, and patients and their relatives, and the public. Prescription prevalences were calculated for the intervention region (Bremen-Nord) and a control region (Bremen-Mitte) before and after the intervention.

Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe.

Objectives: We examined which occupations and industries are currently at high risk for bladder cancer in men.

Methods: We combined data from 11 case-control studies conducted between 1976-1996 in six European countries. The study comprised 3346 incident cases and 6840 controls, aged 30-79 years.

Study of Health In Pomerania (SHIP): a health examination survey in an east German region: objectives and design.

Objectives: The reason for the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) is the lack of epidemiological studies with a broad range of health indicators. Furthermore, in Germany there is a need for studies that take into account the particular situation of life after the reunification. One objective of SHIP is to provide prevalence estimates on a broad range of diseases, risk and health factors for a defined region in the former GDR.