Injuries from border wall falls after 2018 are more severe: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: The U.S.-Mexico "border wall" between El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico was raised and extended beginning in 2018 in accordance with Presidential Executive Order 13,767.

An obligate cell-intrinsic function for CD28 in Tregs.

Tregs expressing the transcription factor FOXP3 are critical for immune homeostasis. The costimulatory molecule CD28 is required for optimal activation and function of naive T cells; however, its role in Treg function has been difficult to dissect, as CD28 is required for thymic Treg development, and blockade of CD28-ligand interactions has confounding effects in trans on nonregulatory cells. To address this question, we created Treg-specific Cd28 conditional knockout mice.

Introduction of modified cervical cardiac transplant model in mice.

Objectives: The murine cervical heterotopic heart transplant model was initially designed to test the immune response to third-party allografts, modified by cuff techniques. While cuff techniques simplify the execution of this procedure, cutting of the carotid artery and the external jugular vein alters the blood supply to central nervous system and makes it difficult to achieve long-term graft survival. In the present study, we describe modified techniques that preserve the continuity and function of blood vessels and improve transplant integrity.