Transport lattice models of heat transport in skin with spatially heterogeneous, temperature-dependent perfusion.

Background: Investigation of bioheat transfer problems requires the evaluation of temporal and spatial distributions of temperature. This class of problems has been traditionally addressed using the Pennes bioheat equation. Transport of heat by conduction, and by temperature-dependent, spatially heterogeneous blood perfusion is modeled here using a transport lattice approach.

Continuous and real-time blood perfusion monitoring in prefabricated flaps.

The Thermal Diffusion Probe (TDP) System allows continuous real-time measurement of tissue perfusion in flaps. The authors used a TDP with two thermistors, one active, the other passive, embedded in a 0.9-mm diameter catheter to measure continuous tissue perfusion in rabbit epigastric flaps.

Kinetics of the temperature rise within human stratum corneum during electroporation and pulsed high-voltage iontophoresis.

Electroporation is believed to be a nonthermal phenomenon at the membrane level. However, the effects of associated processes, such as Joule heating, should be considered. Because electroporation of skin, specifically the stratum corneum (SC), occurs at highly localized sites, the heating is expected to conform locally to the sites of electroporation.

Theoretical analysis of localized heating in human skin subjected to high voltage pulses.

Electroporation, the increase in the permeability of bilayer lipid membranes by the application of high voltage pulses, has the potential to serve as a mechanism for transdermal drug delivery. However, the associated current flow through the skin will increase the skin temperature and might affect nearby epidermal cells, lipid structure or even transported therapeutic molecules. Here, thermal conduction and thermal convection models are used to provide upper and lower bounds on the local temperature rise, as well as the thermal damage, during electroporation from exponential voltage pulses (70 V maximum) with a 1 ms and a 10 ms pulse time constant.