Management of Nonhealable and Maintenance Wounds: A Systematic Integrative Review and Referral Pathway.

General Purpose: To synthesize the evidence regarding nonhealable and maintenance wound management and propose an interprofessional referral pathway for wound management.

Target Audience: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

Learning Objectives: After participating in this continuing professional development activity, the participant will apply knowledge gained to:1.

Arterial disease ulcers, part 2: treatment.

The objectives of this article are to describe the therapeutic options available and develop an appropriate clinical approach suitable to the individual needs of the patient with arterial insufficiency, based on the wound bed preparation paradigm. This information will also assist in the integration of decision making regarding appropriate clinical intervention in an interprofessional team approach, according to the International Inter-professional Wound Caring Model 2012, with inclusion of patient-centered concerns within the patient's circle of care.

Arterial disease ulcers, part 1: clinical diagnosis and investigation.

Arterial disease (peripheral vascular disease) is the result of narrowing of the blood vessel lumen. The classic clinical signs need to be recognized early before progression to arterial predominant disease and limb ischemia. Arterial ulcers or tissue breakdown can result from trauma, infection, or other etiologies with diabetes, smoking, increasing age, and hypertension the most important risk factors.