Delta: The Value That Matters in Fatigue Risk Management.

Noninferiority or equivalence testing are often used when comparing a novel pharmaceutical, operation, or procedure to the current standard designated as safe. Noninferiority and equivalence testing require estimates of a metric called delta: the margin of meaningful difference. Inappropriate delta margins can lead to invalid conclusions, thereby creating uncertainty about a studys scientific credibility.

Flight Crew Alertness and Sleep Relative to Timing of In-Flight Rest Periods in Long-Haul Flights.

In-flight breaks are used during augmented long-haul flight operations, allowing pilots a sleep opportunity. The U.S.

The rate of absorption and relative bioavailability of caffeine administered in chewing gum versus capsules to normal healthy volunteers.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of absorption and relative bioavailability of caffeine from a Stay Alert chewing gum and capsule formulation.

Methods: This was a double blind, parallel, randomized, seven treatment study. The treatment groups were: 50, 100, and 200 mg gum, 50, 100, and 200 mg capsule, and a placebo.