How to Report: Ankle MRI.

Reporting ankle magnetic resonance imaging involves the assessment of multiple joints, tendons, and ligaments in several planes and numerous sequences. This article describes an approach using four anatomical categories (subcutaneous fat, bones and joints, tendons, and ligaments) to simplify and improve reporting efficiency. The main pathologies are covered, emphasizing the specific features to comment on, as well as suggesting terminology and phrases to use when reporting.

Flaccid paralysis of the limbs after an asthmatic attack.

Acute exacerbations of asthma are common in children, but limb weakness after such exacerbations is very unusual. Hopkins' syndrome, a poliomyelitis-like illness associated with asthma, is seldom reported in the literature. We describe a child with weakness of the lower limbs after an asthmatic attack.

Role of 'atypical pathogens' among adult hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

Background And Objective: Agents such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila are recognized as important causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) worldwide. This study examined the role of these 'atypical pathogens' (AP) among adult hospitalized patients with CAP.

Methods: A prospective, observational study of consecutive adult CAP (clinico-radiological diagnosis) patients hospitalized during 2004-2005 was conducted.

Gene expression of synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) in the prefrontal cortex of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR).

Dopamine is believed to play an important role in the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In our previous study, we showed that gene expression of dopamine D4 receptor decreased in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In the present study, we explored the potential causes of dysfunction in the dopamine system in ADHD.

Image fusion for computer-assisted bone tumor surgery.

The fusion of computed tomography and magnetic resonance images is a software-dependent processing technique that enables one to integrate and analyze preoperative images for planning complex musculoskeletal tumor resections. By integrating various imaging modalities into one imaging data set we may facilitate preoperative image analysis and planning of navigation computer-assisted bone tumor resection and reconstruction. We performed image fusion for computer-assisted tumor surgery in 13 consecutive patients, seven males and six females, with a mean age of 35.

Prevalence, pattern, and spectrum of glenoid bone loss in anterior shoulder dislocation: CT analysis of 218 patients.

Objective: The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence, pattern, and spectrum of glenoid bone loss in anterior shoulder dislocation, to relate this to the frequency of dislocation, and to test the appropriateness of the measurement method.

Subjects And Methods: Two hundred eighteen patients with single or recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation underwent shoulder CT examination. Fifteen patients had bilateral dislocation.

CT compared with arthroscopy in quantifying glenoid bone loss.

Objective: This study investigated the accuracy of CT in determining the presence and severity of glenoid bone loss in patients with unilateral anterior shoulder dislocation.

Subjects And Methods: Fifty patients (45 males, five females; mean age, 28.7 years; age range, 14-56 years) with anterior shoulder dislocation underwent shoulder CT examination before arthroscopy (mean time interval between CT and arthroscopy, 28.

Modified Pfirrmann grading system for lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration.

Study Design: A reliability study was conducted. OBJECTIVE.: To modify a grading system for lumbar disc degeneration and to test the reliability of this modified grading system.

First-time shoulder dislocation: High prevalence of labral injury and age-related differences revealed by MR arthrography.

Purpose: To evaluate abnormalities and age-related differences after first-time shoulder dislocation.

Materials And Methods: MRA images of first-time dislocators were assessed for labral-ligamentous-capsular / rotator cuff abnormalities and analyzed the age-related differences (< and >/=30 years old).

Results: Sixty-six patients (34 <30 years old vs.

Value of serum procalcitonin, neopterin, and C-reactive protein in differentiating bacterial from viral etiologies in patients presenting with lower respiratory tract infections.

The values of procalcitonin (PCT), neopterin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) alone and in combination to differentiate bacterial from viral etiology in patients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) were evaluated. Sera obtained on the day of hospitalization for LRTI from 139 patients with confirmed bacterial etiology and 128 patients with viral etiology were examined. A further 146 sera from healthy Chinese subjects with no infection were included as controls.

The effect of Ginkgo biloba on the cerebellum of aging SAMP mouse--a TUNEL, bcl-2, and fMRI study.

EGb 761, an extract from Ginkgo biloba that possesses neuroprotective properties, was fed to a strain of fast aging mice (SAMP-8) beginning at 3 weeks of age until they were sacrificed at 3 months and 11 months, respectively, along with an age-matched control group without herbal feeding. The aim of the study was to determine (1) the status of apoptosis and the status of bcl-2, a molecule involved in the fate of cells following injury, in the cerebella of these mice and (2) to analyze the functional changes as shown by fMRI images. The data indicated that there were no differences in apoptosis between the mice fed with EGb 761 and the control group at the two time points of 3 and 11 months of age.

Prospective comparison of three predictive rules for assessing severity of community-acquired pneumonia in Hong Kong.

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading infectious cause of death throughout the world, including Hong Kong.

Aim: To compare the ability of three validated prediction rules for CAP to predict mortality in Hong Kong: the 20 variable Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), the 6-point CURB65 scale adopted by the British Thoracic Society and the simpler CRB65.

Methods: A prospective observational study of 1016 consecutive inpatients with CAP (583 men, mean (SD) age 72 (17) years) was performed in a university hospital in the New Territories of Hong Kong in 2004.

Vertebral marrow fat content and diffusion and perfusion indexes in women with varying bone density: MR evaluation.

Purpose: To prospectively study the relationship among vertebral marrow fat content, marrow diffusion indexes, and marrow and erector spinae muscle perfusion indexes in female subjects with varying bone mineral density.

Materials And Methods: Institutional study approval and informed consent were obtained. Dual x-ray absorptiometry, proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted MR imaging, and dynamic contrast material-enhanced MR imaging of the lumbar spine and erector spinae muscle were performed in 110 women (mean age, 73 years; range, 67-84 years).

Changes of brain activity in the aged SAMP mouse.

This study investigates characteristics of aging in the central nervous system of the senescence accelerated prone mice (SAMP8). We examined 3 and 10-months old senescence-accelerated-prone mice (SAMP8) for functional and molecular changes in their brains, specifically in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex. There was no statistically significant increase in the apoptosis indicators as revealed by Western Blotting for BAD and TUNEL experiments.

Steroid-induced osteonecrosis in severe acute respiratory syndrome: a retrospective analysis of biochemical markers of bone metabolism and corticosteroid therapy.

Aim: We investigated the effect of massive doses of corticosteroid therapy on bone metabolism using specific biochemical markers of bone metabolism, and the prevalence of osteonecrosis in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients at a university teaching hospital in Hong Kong.

Methods: Seventy-one patients with a clinical diagnosis of SARS were studied according to the modified World Health Organization case definition of SARS who were involved in the SARS epidemic between 10 March and 20 June 2003. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by serological test and/or molecular analysis.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of rodent brains in vivo using a 1.5T clinical MR scanner.

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of using a clinical 1.5T MR scanner to perform magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) on in vivo rodent brains and to trace major rodent neuronal bundles with anatomical correlation.

Materials And Methods: Two normal adult Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were anesthetized and imaged in a 1.

Radiographic-clinical correlation in severe acute respiratory syndrome: study of 1373 patients in Hong Kong.

Purpose: To retrospectively analyze serial chest radiographs in all patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong for temporal changes and differences between patients who died and those who were discharged from the hospital and to compare radiographic and clinical parameters.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study had ethics review board endorsement, and the need for informed consent was waived. Selected serial chest radiographs obtained from the time of presentation until discharge or death in 1373 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS were scored.

Myelination of the pig's brain: a correlated MRI and histological study.

Minipigs, 2, 4, 6 months old, were used to evaluate the relationship between myelination in the fiber tracts of the central nervous system (CNS) of this animal during development. Histological results showed an increased density of the myelinated fibers as well as branching of these fibers in the areas studied, including the cortical white matter, olfactory tract, the corticospinal tract, the fasciculus cuneatus and the spinal V nucleus from 2 to 6 months old. By 6 months, the pig was sexually matured.

Vertebral bone mineral density, marrow perfusion, and fat content in healthy men and men with osteoporosis: dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and MR spectroscopy.

Purpose: To prospectively use hydrogen 1 (1H) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and dynamic contrast material-enhanced MR imaging to measure vertebral body marrow fat content and bone marrow perfusion in older men with varying bone mineral densities as documented with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Materials And Methods: This study had institutional review board approval, and all participants provided informed consent. DXA, 1H MR spectroscopy, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the lumbar spine were performed in 90 men (mean age, 73 years; range, 67-101 years).

Osteoporosis is associated with increased marrow fat content and decreased marrow fat unsaturation: a proton MR spectroscopy study.

Purpose: To use proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) to evaluate vertebral marrow fat, and to determine whether bone density correlates with fat content and fat unsaturation levels in postmenopausal women.

Materials And Methods: Fifty-three women (mean age = 70 years) underwent dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and (1)H-MRS, and 12 young female controls (mean age = 28 years) underwent (1)H-MRS of the lumber spine. Water and lipid peak amplitudes were measured to calculate fat content and fat unsaturation index.

Chest radiograph scores as potential prognostic indicators in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

Objective: We analyzed serial chest radiographic scores for lung opacification in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) for temporal changes and differences between fatal and discharged cases. We sought to establish the earliest radiographic scores sensitive as potential prognostic indicators of fatal outcomes.

Materials And Methods: Chest radiographs that had been obtained from presentation until the death or discharge of 313 patients with SARS were scored on the basis of the percentage area and location of lung opacification.

Osteonecrosis of hip and knee in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome treated with steroids.

Purpose: To evaluate whether there is a relationship between steroid treatment and risk for osteonecrosis of the hip and knee in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

Materials And Methods: The hospital ethics committee approved the study, and all patients provided written informed consent. A total of 254 patients with confirmed SARS treated with steroids underwent evaluation with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for osteonecrosis.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome: thin-section computed tomography features, temporal changes, and clinicoradiologic correlation during the convalescent period.

Objective: To evaluate thin-section computed tomography findings of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the convalescent period and to correlate the results with clinical parameters and lung function tests.

Methods: Ninety-nine severe acute respiratory syndrome patients with persistent changes on follow-up chest radiography were included. One hundred seventy computed tomography examinations at baseline (n=70), 3 months (n=56), and 6 months (n=44) were retrospectively evaluated to determine the extent of ground-glass opacification, reticulation, and total parenchymal involvement.

Cruciate ligament avulsion fractures.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the variability of cruciate avulsion fractures.

Type Of Study: Retrospective observational study.

Methods: Standardized radiographs and computed tomography (CT) examinations were performed in 40 patients (31 male, 9 female; age range, 10 to 77 years) with cruciate avulsion fractures.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome: correlation between clinical outcome and radiologic features.

Purpose: To evaluate whether there is a correlation between the clinical outcomes and radiologic features of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

Materials And Methods: The clinical, laboratory, and radiologic features of 138 patients with SARS were analyzed. Three radiologists in consensus retrospectively assessed the frontal chest radiographs obtained at presentation and during treatment (n = 2045) for the distribution (each lung was divided into upper, middle, and lower zones) and extent of lung parenchymal abnormality.