Effects of Conventional Milk Versus Milk Containing Only A2 β-Casein on Digestion in Chinese Children: A Randomized Study.

Objectives: In this study, we hypothesized that replacing conventional milk, which contains A1 and A2 β-casein proteins, with milk that contains only A2 β-casein in the diet of dairy or milk-intolerant preschoolers (age 5 to 6 years) would result in reduced gastrointestinal symptoms associated with milk intolerance, and that this would correspond with cognitive improvements.

Methods: This randomized, double-blind, crossover study aimed to compare the effects of 5 days' consumption of conventional milk versus milk containing only A2 β-casein on gastrointestinal symptoms, as assessed via visual analog scales, average stool frequency and consistency, and serum inflammatory and immune biomarkers in healthy preschoolers with mild-to-moderate milk intolerance. The study also aimed to compare changes in the cognitive behavior of preschoolers, based on Subtle Cognitive Impairment Test scores.

Randomised clinical trial: reducing the intake of dietary FODMAPs of breastfeeding mothers is associated with a greater improvement of the symptoms of infantile colic than for a typical diet.

Background: Therapeutic diets for infantile colic lack evidence. In breastfed infants, avoiding "windy" foods by the breastfeeding mother is common.

Aim: To examine the effects of a maternal low-FODMAP (Fermentable, Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, And Polyols) diet compared to a typical-Australian diet on infant crying-fussing durations of infants with colic in a randomised, double-blind, crossover feeding study.

Cognitive impairment in Crohn's disease is associated with systemic inflammation, symptom burden and sleep disturbance.

Background: Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) frequently complain of cognitive difficulties such as problems with concentration and clouding of thought, yet this has scarcely been objectively defined and underlying mechanisms remain unknown.

Objective: The objective of this article is to objectively measure cognitive impairments in patients with CD compared with healthy controls, and if present, to identify potentially modifiable, contributing factors associated with cognitive impairment.

Methods: CD patients and healthy age-/sex-matched controls completed surveys encompassing clinical, demographic, psychiatric, fatigue and sleep parameters.

Lexical processing in individuals with high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder.

The presence or absence of clinically delayed language development prior to 3 years of age is a key, but contentious, clinical feature distinguishing autism from Asperger's disorder. The aim of this study was to examine language processing in children with high-functioning autism (HFA) and Asperger's disorder (AD) using a task which taps lexical processing, a core language ability. Eleven individuals with HFA, 11 with AD and 11 typically developing (TD) individuals completed a masked priming task, a psycholinguistic paradigm that directly examines lexical processes.

Chronic partial sleep loss increases the facilitatory role of a masked prime in a word recognition task.

Neurobehavioural performance deficits associated with sleep loss have been extensively studied, in particular, the effects on psychomotor performance. However, there is no consensus as to which, if any, cognitive functions are impaired by sleep loss. To examine how sleep loss might affect cognition, the automatic processes supporting word recognition were examined using the masked priming paradigm in participants who had been exposed to two consecutive days of sleep restriction.

Comprehension of algebraic expressions by experienced users of mathematics.

Little is known about how people comprehend mathematical expressions. In the present study we investigate the internal representations used by experienced users of mathematics to encode algebraic expressions. Initially, a memory recognition task was conducted that examined the role of mathematical syntax in the encoding of algebraic expressions.