Enhancer AAV toolbox for accessing and perturbing striatal cell types and circuits.

We present an enhancer AAV toolbox for accessing and perturbing striatal cell types and circuits. Best-in-class vectors were curated for accessing major striatal neuron populations including medium spiny neurons (MSNs), direct and indirect pathway MSNs, as well as Sst-Chodl, Pvalb-Pthlh, and cholinergic interneurons. Specificity was evaluated by multiple modes of molecular validation, three different routes of virus delivery, and with diverse transgene cargos.

Enhancer-AAVs allow genetic access to oligodendrocytes and diverse populations of astrocytes across species.

Proper brain function requires the assembly and function of diverse populations of neurons and glia. Single cell gene expression studies have mostly focused on characterization of neuronal cell diversity; however, recent studies have revealed substantial diversity of glial cells, particularly astrocytes. To better understand glial cell types and their roles in neurobiology, we built a new suite of adeno-associated viral (AAV)-based genetic tools to enable genetic access to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

Long-term complications associated with the Indiana pouch urinary diversion in patients with recurrent gynecologic cancers after high-dose radiation.

Few studies have assessed the long-term risks associated with the Indiana pouch continent urinary diversion after high-dose radiation therapy. A retrospective review of consecutive female patients who underwent cystectomy and Indiana pouch urinary diversion identified 12 with a history of high-dose pelvic irradiation (mean total 78.1 Gy).

Extension of a shortened ureter using the in situ appendix during Indiana pouch urinary diversion.

A short ureteral length can preclude the use of a continent urinary diversion during urinary tract reconstruction after bladder removal. We present a surgical technique using the in situ appendix to provide length to a shortened left ureter, thus allowing formation of a continent ileocecal urinary diversion.