The left digit effect in an unbounded number line task.

The left digit effect in number line estimation refers to the phenomenon where numerals with similar magnitudes but different leftmost digits (e.g., 19 and 22) are estimated to be farther apart on a number line than is warranted.

Summary accuracy feedback and the left digit effect in number line estimation.

A robust left digit effect arises in number line estimation such that adults' estimates for numerals with different hundreds place digits but nearly identical magnitudes are systematically different from one another (e.g., 299 is placed too far to the left of 302).

Lentiviral gene transfer into the dorsal root ganglion of adult rats.

Background: Lentivector-mediated gene delivery into the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is a promising method for exploring pain pathophysiology and for genetic treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. In this study, a series of modified lentivector particles with different cellular promoters, envelope glycoproteins, and viral accessory proteins were generated to evaluate the requirements for efficient transduction into neuronal cells in vitro and adult rat DRG in vivo.

Results: In vitro, lentivectors expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under control of the human elongation factor 1α (EF1α) promoter and pseudotyped with the conventional vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) envelope exhibited the best performance in the transfer of EGFP into an immortalized DRG sensory neuron cell line at low multiplicities of infection (MOIs), and into primary cultured DRG neurons at higher MOIs.

Iontophoretic drug delivery using the IOMED Phoresor system.

Iontophoresis, or electromotive drug administration, is a process that enhances the delivery of drugs through a biological membrane via the application of low-intensity electrical current. This technology offers several advantages over oral and injection drug delivery. Key advantages of iontophoretic drug delivery include the avoidance of pain and potential for infection associated with needle injection, the ability to control the rate of drug delivery, the ability to programme the drug-delivery profile and the minimisation of local tissue trauma.