"Yaraviridae": a proposed new family of viruses infecting Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Here, we propose the creation of the family "Yaraviridae", a new taxon to classify a virus infecting Acanthamoeba castellanii cells. Recently, we described the discovery of a new virus infecting free-living amoebae, yaravirus, which has features that strongly differ from those of all other viruses of amoebae described to date. Yaravirus particles are about 80 nm in diameter and have a dsDNA genome of ~45 kbp containing 74 ORFs, most of which (>90%) have no homologs in current databases.

Mouse hepatitis virus: A betacoronavirus model to study the virucidal activity of air disinfection equipment on surface contamination.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of people worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, containing the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), an extensively studied animal coronavirus. Since MHV and SARS-CoV-2 share the same genus, MHV could offer insights relative to SARS-CoV-2 studies.

Analysis of a Marseillevirus Transcriptome Reveals Temporal Gene Expression Profile and Host Transcriptional Shift.

Marseilleviruses comprise a family of large double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the proposed order "Megavirales." These viruses have a circular genome of ∼370 kbp, coding hundreds of genes. Over a half of their genes are associated with AT-rich putative promoter motifs, which have been demonstrated to be important for gene regulation.

Single Cell Micro-aspiration as an Alternative Strategy to Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Giant Virus Mixture Separation.

During the amoeba co-culture process, more than one virus may be isolated in a single well. We previously solved this issue by end point dilution and/or fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) applied to the viral population. However, when the viruses in the mixture have similar morphologic properties and one of the viruses multiplies slowly, the presence of two viruses is discovered at the stage of genome assembly and the viruses cannot be separated for further characterization.

Microscopic Analysis of the Cycle in .

Since (APMV) was identified in 2003, several other giant viruses of amoebae have been isolated, highlighting the uniqueness of this group. In this context, the tupanviruses were recently isolated from extreme environments in Brazil, presenting virions with an outstanding tailed structure and genomes containing the most complete set of translation genes of the virosphere. Unlike other giant viruses of amoebae, tupanviruses present a broad host range, being able to replicate not only in sp.

An Update on the Known Host Range of the Brazilian Vaccinia Virus: An Outbreak in Buffalo Calves.

Even nearly forty years after the eradication of smallpox, members of the family continue to be the focus of an increasing number of studies. Among these studies, prominently stands vaccinia virus, an orthopoxvirus that is associated with bovine vaccinia outbreaks. Although more frequently associated with infections in cattle and humans, the host range of vaccinia virus is not restricted only to these hosts.

The Complex Nature of Tupanviruses.

The discovery of giant viruses revealed a new level of complexity in the virosphere, raising important questions about the diversity, ecology, and evolution of these viruses. The family Mimiviridae was the first group of amoebal giant viruses to be discovered (by Bernard La Scola and Didier Raoult team), containing viruses with structural and genetic features that challenged many concepts of classic virology. The tupanviruses are among the newest members of this family and exhibit structural, biological, and genetic features never previously observed in other giant viruses.

Ocular Vaccinia Infection in Dairy Worker, Brazil.

We studied a clinical case of vaccinia virus that caused an ocular manifestation in a dairy worker in Brazil. Biologic and molecular analyses identified a co-infection with 2 isolates from different Brazilian vaccinia virus phylogenetic groups.

Analyses of the Kroon Virus Major Capsid Gene and Its Transcript Highlight a Distinct Pattern of Gene Evolution and Splicing among Mimiviruses.

The inclusion of members in the putative monophyletic nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) group is based on genomic and phylogenomic patterns. This shows that, along with other viral families, they share a set of genes known as core or "hallmark genes," including the gene for the major capsid protein (MCP). Although previous studies have suggested that the maturation of mimivirus MCP transcripts is dependent on splicing, there is little information about the processing of this transcript in other mimivirus isolates.

Poxvirus Host Range Genes and Virus-Host Spectrum: A Critical Review.

The family is comprised of double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV). Among the NCLDV, poxviruses exhibit the widest known host range, which is likely observed because this viral family has been more heavily investigated. However, relative to each member of the family, the spectrum of the host is variable, where certain viruses can infect a large range of hosts, while others are restricted to only one host species.

Filling Knowledge Gaps for Mimivirus Entry, Uncoating, and Morphogenesis.

Since the discovery of mimivirus, its unusual structural and genomic features have raised great interest in the study of its biology; however, many aspects concerning its replication cycle remain uncertain. In this study, extensive analyses of electron microscope images, as well as biological assay results, shed light on unclear points concerning the mimivirus replication cycle. We found that treatment with cytochalasin, a phagocytosis inhibitor, negatively impacted the incorporation of mimivirus particles by , causing a negative effect on viral growth in amoeba monolayers.

The Investigation of Promoter Sequences of Marseilleviruses Highlights a Remarkable Abundance of the AAATATTT Motif in Intergenic Regions.

Viruses display a wide range of genomic profiles and, consequently, a variety of gene expression strategies. Specific sequences associated with transcriptional processes have been described in viruses, and putative promoter motifs have been elucidated for some nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV). Among NCLDV, the is a well-recognized family because of its genomic mosaicism.

Promoter Motifs in NCLDVs: An Evolutionary Perspective.

For many years, gene expression in the three cellular domains has been studied in an attempt to discover sequences associated with the regulation of the transcription process. Some specific transcriptional features were described in viruses, although few studies have been devoted to understanding the evolutionary aspects related to the spread of promoter motifs through related viral families. The discovery of giant viruses and the proposition of the new viral order Megavirales that comprise a monophyletic group, named nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV), raised new questions in the field.

Molecular evidence of Orthopoxvirus DNA in capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) stool samples.

Vaccinia virus (VACV) is responsible for outbreaks in Brazil and has immense potential as an emerging virus. VACV can be found naturally circulating in India, Pakistan and South America, where it causes infections characterised by exanthematic lesions in buffaloes, cattle and humans. The transmission cycle of Brazilian VACV has still not been fully characterised; one of the most important gaps in knowledge being the role of wild animals.

Mimiviruses: Replication, Purification, and Quantification.

The aim of this protocol is to describe the replication, purification, and titration of mimiviruses. These viruses belong to the Mimiviridae family, the first member of which was isolated in 1992 from a cooling tower water sample collected during an outbreak of pneumonia in a hospital in Bradford, England. In recent years, several new mimiviruses have been isolated from different environmental conditions.

The Large Marseillevirus Explores Different Entry Pathways by Forming Giant Infectious Vesicles.

Unlabelled: Triggering the amoebal phagocytosis process is a sine qua non condition for most giant viruses to initiate their replication cycle and consequently to promote their progeny formation. It is well known that the amoebal phagocytosis process requires the recognition of particles of >500 nm, and most amoebal giant viruses meet this requirement, such as mimivirus, pandoravirus, pithovirus, and mollivirus. However, in the context of the discovery of amoebal giant viruses in the last decade, Marseillevirus marseillevirus (MsV) has drawn our attention, because despite its ability to successfully replicate in Acanthamoeba, remarkably it does not fulfill the >500-nm condition, since it presents an ∼250-nm icosahedrally shaped capsid.

Intrafamilial transmission of Vaccinia virus during a bovine Vaccinia outbreak in Brazil: a new insight in viral transmission chain.

Bovine vaccinia (BV) is an emerging zoonosis caused by the Vaccinia virus (VACV), genus Orthopoxvirus (OPV), Poxviridae family. In general, human cases are related to direct contact with sick cattle but there is a lack of information about human-to-human transmission of VACV during BV outbreaks. In this study, we epidemiologically and molecularly show a case of VACV transmission between humans in São Francisco de Itabapoana County, Rio de Janeiro state.