High levels of primary antiretroviral resistance genotypic mutations and B/F recombinants in Santos, Brazil.

This study characterized HIV-1 among antiretroviral-naïve populations presenting recent infection (RI) or long-standing infection (LSI). Sera collected from January 1999 to December 2001 at an anonymous HIV testing site in Santos, Brazil, were submitted to serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS). The STARHS methodology uses a combination of a sensitive and a less sensitive version of an anti-HIV enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and specimens found to be positive on the sensitive EIA and negative on the less sensitive EIA are considered to represent RI.

Transforming growth factor-alpha and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate in Brazilian patients: results of a large case-control study.

Objective: Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFA) was the first gene suggested to be associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip, cleft palate, or both (CL/ P). There are, however, still controversies of the effect of TGFA on the predisposition of this malformation. To contribute to a better understanding of the role of this gene in the occurrence of CL/P we undertook a case-control study including patients and controls ascertained in different regions of the country.