Upper Urinary Tract Carcinoma In Situ: Current Knowledge, Future Direction.

Purpose: Carcinoma in situ of the urinary tract is a high grade form of nonmuscle invasive urothelial cancer. Our understanding of this entity in the upper tract is poor, and case management remains challenging due to knowledge gaps regarding the definition, diagnosis, treatment options and followup of the disease. We reviewed the available literature for similarities and differences between bladder and upper tract carcinoma in situ, and herein summarize the best available data.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma: epidemiology, high risk populations and detection.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare but highly morbid genitourinary malignancy. In 2014 approximately 15,000 new cases were diagnosed in the United States. It accounts for approximately 5-10% of all urothelial cell carcinomas, and 10% of renal tumors.

Treatment strategies for diabetic patients suffering from erectile dysfunction: an update.

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common complications of diabetes. The complex pathophysiology of this disease makes it difficult to create clinical treatments tailored specifically for diabetic patients.

Areas Covered: This article will provide an update of both medical and surgical treatment approaches for diabetic ED, as well as discuss established treatments that are the cornerstone of this field.