Effect of electrodeposition time on physical characteristics and antibacterial activity of copper-incorporated TiO nanotubes.

The current work outlines the preparation of a TiO nanotube (NT) layer electrochemically formed on the surface of a clinically-relevant titanium alloy anodisation. This NT layer was subsequently modified alternating current electrodeposition to incorporate copper micro- and nanoparticles on top of and within the NTs. Physical characterisation of the NT layer and the copper-incorporated NTs was carried out through analysis of the surface morphology, elemental composition, crystallinity, and stability SEM, EDX, XRD, and ICP-OES, respectively.