Clinical differences between botulinum neurotoxin type A and B.

In humans, the therapeutic use of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is well recognized and continuously expanding. Four BoNTs are widely available for clinical practice: three are serotype A and one is serotype B: onabotulinumtoxinA (A/Ona), abobotulinumtoxinA (A/Abo) and incobotulinumtoxinA (A/Inco), rimabotulinumtoxinB (B/Rima). A/Abo, A/Inco, A/Ona and B/Rima are all licensed worldwide for cervical dystonia.

Monomeric and dimeric 9-O anthraquinone and phenanthryl derivatives of cinchona alkaloids as chiral solvating agents for the NMR enantiodiscrimination of chiral hemiesters.

Mono- and bis-alkaloid chiral auxiliaries with anthraquinone or phenanthryl cores were probed as chiral solvating agents (CSAs) for the enantiodiscrimination of chiral cyclic hemiesters. The dimeric anthraquinone derivative and the monomeric phenanthryl one showed remarkable efficiency in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) differentiation of enantiomeric mixtures of hemiesters. An anthraquinone analogous with a single alkaloid unit was remarkably less effective.

Exercise versus no exercise for the occurrence, severity and duration of acute respiratory infections.

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) last for less than 30 days and are the most common acute diseases affecting people worldwide. Exercise has been shown to improve health generally and may be effective in reducing the occurrence, severity and duration of acute respiratory infections.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of exercise for altering the occurrence, severity or duration of acute respiratory infections.

Searching for randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews on exercise. A descriptive study.

Context And Objective: The current paradigm of science is to accumulate as much research data as possible, with less thought given to navigation or synthesis of the resulting mass, which hampers locating and using the research. The aim here was to describe the number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews (SRs) focusing on exercise, and their journal sources, that have been indexed in PubMed over time.

Design And Setting: Descriptive study conducted at Bond University, Australia.

ZFP36 stabilizes RIP1 via degradation of XIAP and cIAP2 thereby promoting ripoptosome assembly.

Background: ZFP36 is an mRNA binding protein that exerts anti-tumor activity in glioblastoma by triggering cell death, associated to an increase in the stability of the kinase RIP1.

Methods: We used cell death assays, size exclusion chromatography, Co-Immunoprecipitation, shRNA lentivectors and glioma neural stem cells to determine the effects of ZFP36 on the assembly of a death complex containing RIP1 and on the induction of necroptosis.

Results: Here we demonstrate that ZFP36 promotes the assembly of the death complex called Ripoptosome and induces RIP1-dependent death.

The role of percutaneous embolization techniques in the management of dural sinus malformations with atypical angioarchitecture in neonates: report of 2 cases.

Dural sinus malformations (DSMs) are rare congenital malformations that can be midline or lateral in location. Midline DSMs have been reported to have a worse prognosis than lateral DSMs and have traditionally been more difficult to manage. The authors report 2 unusual manifestations of midline DSMs and their management with percutaneous transfontanelle embolization.

Primary fibroblasts cultures reveal TDP-43 abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with and without SOD1 mutations.

TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a major component of the pathologic inclusions observed in the motor neurons of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. We examined TDP-43 expression in primary fibroblasts cultures from 22 ALS patients, including cases with SOD1 (n = 4), TARDBP (n = 4), FUS (n = 2), and C9ORF72 (n = 3) mutations and 9 patients without genetic defect. By using a phosphorylation-independent antibody, 15 patients showed notable alterations of TDP-43 level in the nuclear or cytoplasmic compartments.

Compartmentalization of a bistable switch enables memory to cross a feedback-driven transition.

Cells make accurate decisions in the face of molecular noise and environmental fluctuations by relying not only on present pathway activity, but also on their memory of past signaling dynamics. Once a decision is made, cellular transitions are often rapid and switch-like due to positive feedback loops in the regulatory network. While positive feedback loops are good at promoting switch-like transitions, they are not expected to retain information to inform subsequent decisions.

Geoprocessing via google maps for assessing obesogenic built environments related to physical activity and chronic noncommunicable diseases: validity and reliability.

This study analyzes the reliability and validity of obesogenic built environments related to physical activity and chronic noncommunicable diseases through Google Maps in a heterogeneous urban area (i.e., residential and commercial, very poor and very rich) in São Paulo (SP), Brazil.

Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults.

Background: Cancer cachexia is a multi-factorial syndrome characterised by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass, with or without a loss of fat mass, which leads to progressive functional impairment. Physical exercise may attenuate the effects of cancer cachexia via several mechanisms, including the modulation of muscle metabolism, insulin sensitivity and levels of inflammation.

Objectives: The primary objective was to determine the effects of exercise, compared to usual care or no treatment, on lean body mass, the main biomarker of cachexia, in adults with cancer.

Overview of systematic reviews - a new type of study. Part II.

Context And Objective: Overviews of Systematic Reviews (OoRs) are a new type of study in which multiple evidence from systematic reviews (SRs) is compiled into an accessible and useful document. The aim here was to describe the state of the art and critically assess Cochrane OoRs that have been published.

Design And Setting: Descriptive study conducted at a research center.

Distinct lymphocytes subsets in IgM-related neuropathy: clinical-immunological correlations.

IgM-related neuropathy generally presents as a late-onset demyelinating polyneuropathy with predominant sensory loss and ataxia. However, we recently reported the clinical, neurophysiological and pathological findings from our cohort and identified in about a third of patients an atypical phenotype. We analyzed by flow cytometry the different lymphocytes subsets in the peripheral blood of patients affected by IgM-related neuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and healthy subjects, to investigate whether different immunological patterns may differentiate the classical phenotype from atypical forms.

Primary multifocal lymphoma of peripheral nervous system: case report and review of the literature.

Introduction: Primary lymphomas of peripheral nerves are extremely rare, and only a few cases have been reported.

Methods: We describe the clinical, neurophysiological, radiological, and pathological findings in a 61-year-old woman affected by primary multifocal lymphoma of the peripheral nervous system without systemic involvement.

Results: Fascicular left femoral nerve biopsy was decisive for the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Life-threatening allergic vasculitis after clipping an unruptured aneurysm: Case report, weighing the risk of nickel allergy.

Background: This case report represents one of the estimated 17,000 aneurysms clipped annually in the United States, often with nickel-containing clips. The authors highlight the development of life-threatening allergic vasculitis in a 33-year-old woman after aneurysm clipping.

Case Description: After suffering subarachnoid hemorrhage, the patient had coil embolization at another facility for rupture of a right internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm.

Water-based exercise for adults with asthma.

Background: Asthma is a common condition characterised by airway inflammation and airway narrowing, which can result in intermittent symptoms of wheezing, coughing and chest tightness, possibly limiting activities of daily life. Water-based exercise is believed to offer benefits for people with asthma through pollen-free air, humidity and effects of exercise on physical function.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of water-based exercise for adults with asthma.

Cytotoxic effect of hemin in colonic epithelial cell line: involvement of 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO).

Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of hemin in colonic epithelial cells (Caco-2) cell proliferation and if this effect was due to a direct modulation of 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) and/or heme oxygenase type 1 (HO-1).

Main Methods: The main methods are as follow: cell proliferation and cell cytotoxic assays on Caco-2 cell lines treated with hemin in the presence or not of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK 11195) and Sn-protoporphyrin IX (Sn-PPIX), and immunoblotting for TSPO and HO-1 protein analysis, siRNA directed against TSPO.

Key Findings: Hemin was shown to be toxic for the Caco-2 cell line in a concentration and time dependent manner.

Clinical aspects and care production in a Brazilian psychosocial care center of alcohol and other drugs (CAPS AD).

The study aimed to analyze the clinical aspects of the treatment of crack cocaine and excessive alcohol users who were seen in a Psychosocial Care Center of Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAPS AD) in Sobral, Ceará, during the years 2010 and 2011. This is an exploratory descriptive and documentary study, with a retrospective quantitative approach. The sample was composed of 567 medical records of drug users, from which 291 were crack cocaine users, and 276 were alcohol users.

Onyx HD-500 embolization of intracranial aneurysms: modified technique using continuous balloon inflation under conscious sedation.

The conventional technique of intracranial aneurysm embolization using Onyx HD-500 (ev3 Neurovascular, Irvine, CA, USA) involves repetitive balloon inflation-deflation cycles under general anesthesia. By limiting parent artery occlusion to 5 minutes, this cyclic technique is thought to minimize cerebral ischemia. However, intermittent balloon deflation may lengthen procedure time and allow balloon migration, resulting in intimal injury or Onyx leakage.

Effectiveness of exercise at workplace in physical fitness: uncontrolled randomized study.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of workplace exercise for employee health by means of health-related physical activity components.

Methods: A randomized uncontrolled study with 20 workers was carried out during three months to evaluate a workplace exercise program. The selected outcomes were flexibility, body mass, fat percentage, lean mass, blood pressure, and heart rate.

Clinical, neurophysiological and pathological findings of HNPP patients with 17p12 deletion: a single-centre experience.

Background: Classic clinical manifestations of HNPP are characterized by recurrent painless mononeuropathies, but a minority of patients present with an atypical clinical pattern, including CMT-like neuropathy, acute or chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy-like polyneuropathy, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Electrophysiological examination plays a central role in the diagnosis of HNPP, disclosing a non-uniform conduction slowing, more pronounced at entrapment sites.

Patients And Methods: We report clinical, electrophysiological and pathological findings from 73 patients with HNPP, coming from 53 unrelated families, followed at our Institute of Neurology over a 20-year period.