An integrated entropy-spatial framework for automatic gender recognition enhancement of emotion-based EEGs.

Investigating gender differences based on emotional changes using electroencephalogram (EEG) is essential to understand various human behavior in the individual situation in our daily life. However, gender differences based on EEG and emotional states are not thoroughly investigated. The main novelty of this paper is twofold.

Complexity and Entropy Analysis to Improve Gender Identification from Emotional-Based EEGs.

Investigating gender differences based on emotional changes becomes essential to understand various human behaviors in our daily life. Ten students from the University of Vienna have been recruited by recording the electroencephalogram (EEG) dataset while watching four short emotional video clips (anger, happiness, sadness, and neutral) of audiovisual stimuli. In this study, conventional filter and wavelet (WT) denoising techniques were applied as a preprocessing stage and Hurst exponent (Hur) and amplitude-aware permutation entropy (AAPE) features were extracted from the EEG dataset.

Effective EEG Channels for Emotion Identification over the Brain Regions using Differential Evolution Algorithm.

The motivation of this study was to detect the most effective electroencephalogram (EEG) channels for various emotional states of the brain regions (i.e. frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital).

Electroencephalogram Profiles for Emotion Identification over the Brain Regions Using Spectral, Entropy and Temporal Biomarkers.

Identifying emotions has become essential for comprehending varied human behavior during our daily lives. The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been adopted for eliciting information in terms of waveform distribution over the scalp. The rationale behind this work is twofold.

First Observation of P-odd γ Asymmetry in Polarized Neutron Capture on Hydrogen.

We report the first observation of the parity-violating gamma-ray asymmetry A_{γ}^{np} in neutron-proton capture using polarized cold neutrons incident on a liquid parahydrogen target at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. A_{γ}^{np} isolates the ΔI=1, ^{3}S_{1}→^{3}P_{1} component of the weak nucleon-nucleon interaction, which is dominated by pion exchange and can be directly related to a single coupling constant in either the DDH meson exchange model or pionless effective field theory. We measured A_{γ}^{np}=[-3.

Progress on the BL2 beam measurement of the neutron lifetime.

A precise value of the neutron lifetime is important in several areas of physics, including determinations of the quark-mixing matrix element │ │, related tests of the Standard Model, and predictions of light element abundances in Big Bang Nucleosynthesis models. We report the progress on a new measurement of the neutron lifetime utilizing the cold neutron beam technique. Several experimental improvements in both neutron and proton counting that have been developed over the last decade are presented.

Sex differences and similarities in urban home ranges and in the accuracy of cognitive maps.

Former research has examined potential human sex differences in spatial abilities or home range size. Both are assumed to have an adaptive function. In this study we combined the investigation of home range size in an urban environment and spatial abilities by accuracy analysis of cognitive maps.

The case of Moulay Ismael--fact or fancy?

Textbooks on evolutionary psychology and biology cite the case of the Sharifian Emperor of Morocco, Moulay Ismael the Bloodthirsty (1672-1727) who was supposed to have sired 888 children. This example for male reproduction has been challenged and led to a still unresolved discussion. The scientific debate is shaped by assumptions about reproductive constraints which cannot be tested directly-and the figures used are sometimes arbitrary.

Psychology of fragrance use: perception of individual odor and perfume blends reveals a mechanism for idiosyncratic effects on fragrance choice.

Cross-culturally, fragrances are used to modulate body odor, but the psychology of fragrance choice has been largely overlooked. The prevalent view is that fragrances mask an individual's body odor and improve its pleasantness. In two experiments, we found positive effects of perfume on body odor perception.

Laying eyes on headlights: eye movements suggest facial features in cars.

Humans' proneness to see faces even in inanimate structures such as cars has long been noticed, yet empirical evidence is scarce. To examine this tendency of anthropomorphism, participants were asked to compare specific features (such as the eyes) of a face and a car front presented next to each other. Eye movement patterns indicated on which visual information participants relied to solve the task and clearly revealed the perception of facial features in cars, such as headlights as eyes or grille as nose.

Analysis of volatile organic compounds in human saliva by a static sorptive extraction method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Human saliva not only helps control oral health (with anti-microbial proteins), but it may also play a role in chemical communication. As is the case with other mammalian species, human saliva contains peptides, proteins, and numerous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A high-throughput analytical method is described for profiling a large number of saliva samples to screen the profiles of VOCs.

Face gender and emotion expression: are angry women more like men?

Certain features of facial appearance perceptually resemble expressive cues related to facial displays of emotion. We hypothesized that because expressive markers of anger (such as lowered eyebrows) overlap with perceptual markers of male sex, perceivers would identify androgynous angry faces as more likely to be a man than a woman (Study 1) and would be slower to classify an angry woman as a woman than an angry man as a man (Study 2). Conversely, we hypothesized that because perceptual features of fear (raised eyebrows) and happiness (a rounded smiling face) overlap with female sex markers, perceivers would be more likely to identify an androgynous face showing these emotions as a woman than as a man (Study 1) and would be slower to identify happy and fearful men as men than happy and fearful women as women (Study 2).

Immune reactivity and attractiveness.

Over the past decades, information about the characteristics of attractiveness has accumulated. We know about eight pillars of beauty, among them youthfulness, symmetry, hormone markers and body odor. But what is the biological function of these attractive signals? Is there one common function to be found in all eight beauty markers? In this paper, we argue that attractiveness signals immune resistance.

A neural signature of anorexia nervosa in the ventral striatal reward system.

Objective: Animal studies assessing mechanisms of self-starvation under conditions of stress and diet suggest a pivotal role for the mesolimbic reward system in the maintenance of core symptoms in anorexia nervosa, which is corroborated by initial empirical evidence in human studies. The authors examined activity in the ventral striatal system in response to disease-specific stimuli in women with acute anorexia nervosa.

Method: Participants were 14 women with acute anorexia nervosa and 14 matched healthy comparison women who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during evaluation of visual stimuli depicting a female body with underweight, normal weight, and overweight canonical whole-body features according to standardized body mass indices.

Body dissatisfaction and attentional bias to thin bodies.

Objective: Evidence for attentional biases to weight- and shape-related information in women with eating concerns is inconclusive.

Method: We investigated whether body dissatisfaction is associated with an attentional bias toward thin bodies using a modified dot probe task.

Results: In three studies, we found that undergraduate females were faster to discriminate the direction of an arrow cue when it appeared in the location previously occupied by a thin than a fat body.

Ageing, mate preferences and sexuality: a mini-review.

The evolutionary constraints that lead to the evolution of sexual reproduction are framed by the better repair mechanisms that repair fatal mutations, as well as the need for variable immune systems imposed on large organisms by parasites, such as viruses and bacteria. Besides the evolution of sexual reproduction, these factors also affect mate choice, especially as regards the gene complex that encodes the immune system. The need to increase both the likelihood of gametes to encounter each other as well as sufficient provision of nutrition for the offspring then leads to the evolution of two sexes: large numbers of small mobile sperms ensure that gametes meet, whereas large egg cells full of energy provide for the zygote, thus leading to a developmental advantage.

Body dissatisfaction and the effects of perceptual exposure on body norms and ideals.

Objective: Body dissatisfaction is of high prevalence among women all over the Western world. It is often suggested that sociocultural processes are the main cause of such widespread dissatisfaction. Here, we consider how perceptual effects may influence ideas of body normality and body ideals.

Face to Face : The Perception of Automotive Designs.

Over evolutionary time, humans have developed a selective sensitivity to features in the human face that convey information on sex, age, emotions, and intentions. This ability might not only be applied to our conspecifics nowadays, but also to other living objects (i.e.

Visual attention to variation in female facial skin color distribution.

Objectives: Visible skin condition of women is argued to influence human physical attraction. Recent research has shown that people are sensitive to variation in skin color distribution, and such variation affects visual perception of female facial attractiveness, healthiness, and age.

Methods: The eye gaze of 39 males and females, aged 13 to 45 years, was tracked while they viewed images of shape- and topography-standardized stimulus faces that varied only in terms of skin color distribution.

Color homogeneity and visual perception of age, health, and attractiveness of female facial skin.

Background: Evolutionary psychology suggests that skin signals aspects of mate value, yet only limited empirical evidence exists for this assertion.

Objectives: We sought to study the relationship between perception of skin condition and homogeneity of color/chromophore distribution.

Methods: Cropped skin cheek images from 170 girls and women (11-76 years) were blind-rated for attractiveness, healthiness, youthfulness, and biological age by 353 participants.

Application of dissimilarity indices, principal coordinates analysis, and rank tests to peak tables in metabolomics of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of human sweat.

The majority of works in metabolomics employ approaches based on principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares, primarily to determine whether samples fall within large groups. However, analytical chemists rarely tackle the problem of individual fingerprinting, and in order to do this effectively, it is necessary to study a large number of small groups rather than a small number of large groups and different approaches are required, as described in this paper. Furthermore, many metabolomic studies on mammals and humans involve analyzing compounds (or peaks) that are present in only a certain portion of samples, and conventional approaches of PCA do not cope well with sparse matrices where there may be many 0s.

A fuzzy distance metric for measuring the dissimilarity of planar chromatographic profiles with application to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis data from human skin microbes: demonstration of an individual and gender-based fingerprint.

A newly devised fuzzy metric for measuring the dissimilarity between two planar chromatographic profiles is proposed in this paper. It does not require an accurately assigned sample-feature matrix and can cope with slight imprecision of the positional information. This makes it very suitable for 1-D techniques which do not have a second spectroscopic dimension to aid variable assignment.

Individual and gender fingerprints in human body odour.

Individuals are thought to have their own distinctive scent, analogous to a signature or fingerprint. To test this idea, we collected axillary sweat, urine and saliva from 197 adults from a village in the Austrian Alps, taking five sweat samples per subject over 10 weeks using a novel skin sampling device. We analysed samples using stir bar sorptive extraction in connection with thermal desorption gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and then we statistically analysed the chromatographic profiles using pattern recognition techniques.

Amygdala activation at 3T in response to human and avatar facial expressions of emotions.

Facial expressions of emotions are important in nonverbal communication. Although numerous neural structures have been identified to be involved in emotional face processing, the amygdala is thought to be a core moderator. While previous studies have relied on facial images of humans, the present study is concerned with the effect of computer-generated (avatar) emotional faces on amygdala activation.