Transgender children and young people: how the evidence can point the way forward.

The development of gender identity in children from around the age of 3 years is described. Wishes for transgender identity are distinguished from gender-atypical behaviour. Reasons for the recent rise in transgender referrals in the early teen years are discussed.

Potential of deep learning segmentation for the extraction of archaeological features from historical map series.

Historical maps present a unique depiction of past landscapes, providing evidence for a wide range of information such as settlement distribution, past land use, natural resources, transport networks, toponymy and other natural and cultural data within an explicitly spatial context. Maps produced before the expansion of large-scale mechanized agriculture reflect a landscape that is lost today. Of particular interest to us is the great quantity of archaeologically relevant information that these maps recorded, both deliberately and incidentally.

Pharmacodynamic Activity of the Novel Neurokinin-3 Receptor Antagonist SJX-653 in Healthy Men.

Context: SJX-653 is a novel neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) antagonist. The NK3 pathway is a central regulator of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion and has also been implicated in the generation of hot flashes. Therefore, decreases of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in men serve as sensitive pharmacodynamic (PD) markers of central NK3 antagonism.

Microplastics uptake and egestion dynamics in Pacific oysters, Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793), under controlled conditions.

Microplastics debris (<5 mm) are increasingly abundant in the marine environment, therefore, potentially becoming a growing threat for different marine organisms. Through aquatic animals, these can enter in the human food chain, and can be perceived as a risk for consumers' health. Different studies report the presence of particles in marketable shellfish including the world wide commercially grown Pacific oyster Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793).

Against the Stream: lowering the age of sexual consent.

Lowering the legal age of sexual consent would decriminalise a large number of 'underage' young people engaging in sexual intercourse. The arguments against such a change in the law are summarised and shown to lack validity.Declaration of interestNone.

Improving case finding of invasive aspergillosis in children using string searches.

Surveillance for invasive Aspergillus (IA) in children is complex. We performed a retrospective study (2004-2013) using string searches of relevant terms within histopathology and radiology reports in efforts to improve detection of IA. Overall, 22 children met IA criteria, of whom 5 (23%) were only identified by string searches.

A First-in-Patient, Multicenter, Double-Blind, 2-Arm, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Safety and Tolerability Study of a Novel Oral Drug Candidate, CTP-499, in Chronic Kidney Disease.

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) related to type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide. In addition to standard of care, treatment with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic agents such as CTP-499, a novel oral, multisubtype selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterases, may be important in CKD treatment. A phase 1b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of CTP-499 in CKD patients (25 active, 8 placebo) with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30-59 mL/min/1.

Correction: Long Term Population, City Size and Climate Trends in the Fertile Crescent: A First Approximation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Long Term Population, City Size and Climate Trends in the Fertile Crescent: A First Approximation.

Over the last 8000 years the Fertile Crescent of the Near East has seen the emergence of urban agglomerations, small scale polities and large territorial empires, all of which had profound effects on settlement patterns. Computational approaches, including the use of remote sensing data, allow us to analyse these changes at unprecedented geographical and temporal scales. Here we employ these techniques to examine and compare long term trends in urbanisation, population and climate records.

Vaccination Rates for Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Influenza Among Children Presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department in New York City.

We compared measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and influenza vaccination rates of children presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) in New York City with rates from national assessments. MMR and influenza vaccination rates in this PED population were generally comparable to community rates, but lower than Healthy People 2020 targets.

Altering metabolic profiles of drugs by precision deuteration: reducing mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2D6 by paroxetine.

Selective deuterium substitution as a means of ameliorating clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions is demonstrated in this study. Carbon-deuterium bonds are more stable than corresponding carbon-hydrogen bonds. Using a precision deuteration platform, the two hydrogen atoms at the methylenedioxy carbon of paroxetine were substituted with deuterium.

Dual Therapeutic Effects of C-10068, a Dextromethorphan Derivative, Against Post-Traumatic Nonconvulsive Seizures and Neuroinflammation in a Rat Model of Penetrating Ballistic-Like Brain Injury.

Post-traumatic seizures can exacerbate injurious outcomes of severe brain trauma, yet effective treatments are limited owing to the complexity of the pathology underlying the concomitant occurrence of both events. In this study, we tested C-10068, a novel deuterium-containing analog of (+)-N-methyl-3-ethoxymorphinan, in a rat model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) and evaluated the effects of C-10068 on PBBI-induced nonconvulsive seizures (NCS), acute neuroinflammation, and neurofunctional outcomes. NCS were detected by electroencephalographic monitoring.

Live vaccine use and safety in DiGeorge syndrome.

Objective: Live vaccines are generally contraindicated in patients with DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), a congenital disorder characterized by cellular immune deficiency. Vaccine utilization and safety in this population are not well described. This study examined vaccination patterns and adverse events following live immunization (AEFLI) in these individuals.

A Randomized Phase I Evaluation of CTP-499, a Novel Deuterium-Containing Drug Candidate for Diabetic Nephropathy.

To determine maximum tolerated dose and food effect for CTP-499, a novel agent being studied for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease. CTP-499 has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and anti-oxidative activities in vitro as well as anti-inflammatory and renoprotective effects in a diabetic nephropathy (DN) model. Two studies were performed.

Fibrin specific peptides derived by phage display: characterization of peptides and conjugates for imaging.

Peptides that bind to fibrin but not to fibrinogen or serum albumin were selected from phage display libraries as targeting moieties for thrombus molecular imaging probes. Three classes of cyclic peptides (cyclized via disulfide bond between two Cys) were identified with consensus sequences XArXCPY(G/D)LCArIX (Ar = aromatic, Tn6), X(2)CXYYGTCLX (Tn7), and NHGCYNSYGVPYCDYS (Tn10). These peptides bound to fibrin at ∼2 sites with K(d) = 4.

Comparing the clinical severity of the first versus second wave of 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) in a New York City pediatric healthcare facility.

Objective: We previously reported the epidemiology of 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) in our pediatric healthcare facility in New York City during the first wave of illness (May-July 2009). We hypothesized that compared with the first wave, the second wave would be characterized by increased severity of illness and mortality.

Design: : Case series conducted from May 2009 to April 2010.

Preventive strategies for central line-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Background: Few studies have described preventive strategies for central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients.

Methods: We performed a pilot intervention study in our pediatric HSCT population in 2006-2008 and compared CLABSI rates before and after implementation of preventive strategies (ie, training staff and caregivers in procedures for dressing changes and drawing blood) in the inpatient, outpatient, and non-health care (ie, home) settings. We also studied the pathogens associated with hospital-onset versus community-onset CLABSIs.

Simple strategies to reduce healthcare associated infections in the neonatal intensive care unit: line, tube, and hand hygiene.

This article describes strategies to prevent 2 important healthcare associated infections in the neonatal intensive care unit: central line-associated bloodstream infections and catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Hand hygiene is discussed as the cornerstone for prevention of all healthcare associated infections. Specific recommendations for education and training of health care personnel who insert and maintain central venous catheters and urinary tract catheters are made and best practices for insertion and maintenance of these catheters are discussed.

Concordance of Gastrointestinal Tract Colonization and Subsequent Bloodstream Infections With Gram-negative Bacilli in Very Low Birth Weight Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Background: Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) cause as many as 20% of episodes of late-onset sepsis among very low birth weight (VLBW, birth weight < or =1500 g) infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. As the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can serve as a reservoir for GNB, we hypothesized that VLBW infants with prior GI tract colonization with gentamicin-susceptible GNB who developed bloodstream infections (BSI) would do so with gentamicin-susceptible GNB.

Methods: A prospective cohort study of VLBW infants was performed in 2 level III neonatal intensive care units from September 2004 to October 2007.