Deaths associated with GA for dentistry 1948 - 2016: the evolution of a policy for general anaesthesia (GA) for dental treatment.

Background: Following the inception of the National Health Service in 1948 dental treatment under General Anesthesia (GA) became easily available. An unexpected consequence of this was a disconcerting number of deaths associated with GA. Over the decades since 1948 there have been a number of specialist medical society, royal college, and government working parties deliberating on the appropriateness of GA being conducted in general dental practice and community dental practice.

Age estimation in three distinct east Asian population groups using southern Han Chinese dental reference dataset.

Background: Dental age estimation can assist in the identification of victims following natural disasters and it can also help to solve birth date disputes in individuals involved in criminal activities. A reference dataset (RDS) has been developed from the dental development of 2306 subjects of southern Han Chinese origin and subsequently validated. This study aimed to test the applicability of the southern Han Chinese dental maturation RDS on three distinct East Asian population groups.

Comparison of dental maturation in Hong Kong Chinese and United Kingdom Caucasian populations.

Understanding dental maturation in ethnically distinct populations is important in forensic age estimations and the presence of population differences in dental maturation was highly debated. No such comparison had been performed between two major populations; Caucasian and Chinese. This study aims to analyze and compare the maturation of permanent teeth from a sample of Caucasian and Chinese populations.

Dental age estimation in southern Chinese population using panoramic radiographs: validation of three population specific reference datasets.

Background: The accuracy of estimated age should depend on the reference data sets (RDS) from which the maturity scores or Ages of Attainment (AoA) were obtained. This study aimed to test the accuracy of age estimation from three different population specific dental reference datasets (RDS).

Methods: Two hundred and sixty six dental panoramic radiographs of subjects belonging to southern Chinese ethnicity were scored and dental age (DA) was estimated from three reference datasets: French-Canadian, United Kingdom (UK) Caucasian and southern Chinese.

Northern Chinese dental ages estimated from southern Chinese reference datasets closely correlate with chronological age.

While northern and southern Chinese are genetically correlated, there exists notable environmental differences in their living conditions. This study aimed to evaluate validity of the southern Chinese reference dataset for dental age estimation applied to northern Chinese. Dental panoramic tomographs of 437 northern Chinese aged 3 to 21 years were analysed.

Dental Age Estimation: Pattern Recognition of Root Canal Widths of Mandibular Molars. A Novel Mandibular Maturity Marker at the 18-Year Threshold.

The final stage of third molar development is used to assign a subject to above the 18-year threshold. Some subjects exhibiting this final stage are less than 18 years. Radiographs from 1000 females and 1000 males age 16.

Development of a Reference Data Set (RDS) for dental age estimation (DAE) and testing of this with a separate Validation Set (VS) in a southern Chinese population.

Background: Many countries have recently experienced a rapid increase in the demand for forensic age estimates of unaccompanied minors. Hong Kong is a major tourist and business center where there has been an increase in the number of people intercepted with false travel documents. An accurate estimation of age is only possible when a dataset for age estimation that has been derived from the corresponding ethnic population.

Dental Age Estimation (DAE): Data management for tooth development stages including the third molar. Appropriate censoring of Stage H, the final stage of tooth development.

Introduction: The final stage of dental development of third molars is usually helpful to indicate whether or not a subject is aged over 18 years. A complexity is that the final stage of development is unlimited in its upper border. Investigators usually select an inappropriate upper age limit or censor point for this tooth development stage.

Ages of legal importance: Implications in relation to birth registration and age assessment practices.

Assessment of age is a common procedure routinely conducted in many countries following birth date disputes, particularly following asylum claims and criminal offenses. UNICEF reports that only 65% of children in the world were registered, and the numbers of children who possess an authentic birth certificate were significantly lower than those registered. Legally important ages can be categorized into defined age ranges that vary among different countries.

The Weighted Average Method 'WAM' for dental age estimation: a simpler method for children at the 10 year threshold: "it is vain to do with more when less will suffice" William of Ockham 1288-1358.".

The mathematical principle of weighting averages to determine the most appropriate numerical outcome is well established in economic and social studies. It has seen little application in forensic dentistry. This study re-evaluated the data from a previous study of age assessment at the 10 year threshold.

Antibiotics for the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in dentistry.

Background: Infective endocarditis is a severe infection arising in the lining of the chambers of the heart with a high mortality rate.Many dental procedures cause bacteraemia and it was believed that this may lead to bacterial endocarditis (BE) in a few people. Guidelines in many countries have recommended that prior to invasive dental procedures antibiotics are administered to people at high risk of endocarditis.

The French-Canadian data set of Demirjian for dental age estimation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Estimation of age of an individual can be performed by evaluating the pattern of dental development. A dataset for age estimation based on the dental maturity of a French-Canadian population was published over 35 years ago and has become the most widely accepted dataset. The applicability of this dataset has been tested on different population groups.

Dental age assessment (DAA): a study of a Caucasian population at the 13 year threshold.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this study was to develop a Reference Data Set for Dental Age Assessment at the 13 year old threshold in Caucasian children.

Patients, Materials And Methods: The Reference Data Set comprised 5187 re-used Dental Panoramic Tomographs (DPTs) between the ages of 11-15 years, from both the Eastman Dental Hospital and King's College Dental Hospital archives. Tooth Development Stages were recorded for the left maxillary and mandibular teeth and all four permanent third molars (Demirjian et al.

Dental age assessment of southern Chinese using the United Kingdom Caucasian reference dataset.

Dental age assessment is one the most accurate methods for estimating the age of an unknown person. Demirjian's dataset on a French-Canadian population has been widely tested for its applicability on various ethnic groups including southern Chinese. Following inaccurate results from these studies, investigators are now confronted with using alternate datasets for comparison.

Dental age assessment of adolescents and emerging adults in United Kingdom Caucasians using censored data for stage H of third molar roots.

The root of the third permanent molar is the only dental structure that continues development after completion of growth of the second permanent molar. It is claimed that the lack of a clearly defined end point for completion of growth of the third permanent molar means that this tooth cannot be used for dental age assessment. The aim of this study was to estimate the mean age of attainment of the four stages (E, F, G, and H) of root development of the third molar.

Dental age assessment (DAA): reference data for British children at the 10-year-old threshold.

The purpose of this work was to develop a reference dataset for dental age assessment at the 10-year-old threshold. Dental panoramic radiographs of children aged between 9 and 11 years were reused to determine the age of attainment of tooth development stages relevant to the 10-year threshold. These data were used to test the accuracy of the dental age assessment (DAA) on a separate study sample of known chronological age.

Dental Age Assessment: a comparison of 4- to 24-year-olds in the United Kingdom and an Australian population.

Background: The physiological age of a person is determined by the degree of maturation of the different tissue systems. Children of the same chronological age (CA) can demonstrate different degrees of maturation. Dental age (DA) is based on the maturation of teeth.

Dental age assessment (DAA): reference data for British caucasians at the 16 year threshold.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this study was to determine reference data for dental age assessment (DAA) for the 16 year threshold in British caucasians.

Patients, Materials And Methods: One thousand seven hundred and twenty-two Dental Panoramic Radiographs of individuals aged between 4 and 24 years were re-used to establish reference intervals using the tooth development stages (TDSs) previously described [A. Demirjian, H.

Antibiotics for the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in dentistry.

Background: Infective endocarditis is a severe infection arising in the lining of the heart with a high mortality rate.Many dental procedures cause bacteraemia and it was believed that this may lead to bacterial endocarditis (BE) in a few people. Guidelines in many countries have recommended that prior to invasive dental procedures antibiotics are administered to people at high risk of endocarditis.

Prevalence, intensity and nature of bacteraemia after toothbrushing.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence, intensity and microbial identity of bacteraemia associated with toothbrushing.

Methods: A total of 141 children and adolescents, aged between 3 and 17 years, having dental treatment under general anaesthesia at the Eastman Dental Hospital were recruited. Six millilitre of blood was taken before toothbrushing (baseline) with (1) Oral B 30 toothbrush or (2) Braun or (3) Sonicare electric toothbrush or (4) dental handpiece and rubber cup.

Bacteraemia following debanding and gold chain adjustment.

The purpose of this research was to estimate the prevalence, intensity, and nature of bacteraemia following deband and gold chain adjustment. Forty-nine children, 25 males and 24 females, mean age 15.4 years, attending the Orthodontic Department at the Eastman Dental Hospital were recruited.

The role for 'reminders' in dental traumatology: 4. The use of a computer database for recording dento-alveolar trauma in comparison to unstructured and structured paper-based methods.

The aims of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of a computer database (CD) developed for this study, a plain paper unstructured history (USH) and structured histories (SH) for the recording of important prognostic factors for simulated dento-alveolar trauma. Twelve vocational trainees, seven postgraduates in paediatric dentistry and 24 general dental practioners were randomly assigned to using USH, SH or CD. Each dentist visited a series of simulated trauma cases (with models, photos, radiographs and actors) and was asked to record important prognostic factors for each injury and make a diagnosis.

Statistical analyses of complex denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles.

Studies using molecular techniques have demonstrated that a culture-based approach can severely underestimate the bacterial diversity in most environments. One of the molecular techniques that has been applied in microbial ecology is denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the microbiota of plaque, using a number of analysis techniques, from children without gingivitis (n = 30) and from those with gingivitis (n = 30).