Novel intracranial brain cooling catheter to mitigate brain injuries.

Background: The neuroprotective effects of cooling the spinal cord in a sheep model by a self-contained intrathecal catheter was reported recently by the authors. The present study was designed to determine if cooling catheters in the lateral ventricles of the brain can effectively cool the CSF and thereby reduce brain temperature while maintaining systemic normothermia.

Methods: The cooling catheter is a self-contained system that circulates a cold fluid and cools the CSF that circulates in the brain.

tert-Butyl 2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-benzo-yl)propanoate.

The title compound, C(16)H(22)O(3), is bent with a dihedral angle of 75.3 (1)° between the mean planes of the benzene ring and a group encompassing the ester functionality (O=C-O-C). In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked into infinite chains held together by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen-bonded inter-actions between an H atom on the benzene ring of one mol-ecule and an O atom on the ketone functionality of an adjacent mol-ecule.

Nogo and the Nogo-66 receptor.

Nogo has been identified as a component of central nervous system (CNS) myelin preventing axonal regeneration in the adult vertebrate CNS. Our previous analysis of Nogo-A demonstrated that an axon-inhibiting 66 aa domain is expressed at the extracellular surface and the endoplasmic reticulum lumen of transfected cells and oligodendrocytes. We have identified a brain-specific, leucine-rich repeat protein with high affinity for soluble Nogo-66.

Truncated soluble Nogo receptor binds Nogo-66 and blocks inhibition of axon growth by myelin.

CNS myelin contains axon outgrowth inhibitors, such as Nogo, that restrict regenerative growth after injury. An understanding of the mechanism of Nogo signaling through its receptor (NgR) is critical to developing strategies for overcoming Nogo-mediated inhibition. Here we analyze the function of NgR domains in outgrowth inhibition.