Drooling in developmentally normal children: a review.

Objective: Drooling or saliva spillage has been explored widely among children with neurodevelopmental conditions. Yet, the approach to drooling in an otherwise developmentally normal child remains unexplored, as it is regarded as self-limiting. Nonetheless, drooling beyond age 4 in the awake stage should raise concern.

Intracapsular versus extracapsular tonsil surgery: Comparison of postoperative haemorrhage outcomes in the Australasian setting.

Objective: To investigate the incidence and timing of postoperative haemorrhage between intracapsular (ICT) and extracapsular tonsillectomy (ECT) techniques and evaluate factors influencing haemorrhage risk and severity.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients undergoing tonsillectomy over 5 years across otolaryngology services in Australia and New Zealand. Primary outcomes were rate and timing of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage.

Outcome of kinesio taping in drooling children: A systematic review.

Introduction: Drooling is a troublesome condition, especially in children with neuromuscular and intellectual disability. Over the past decade, novel interventions have been trialled to alleviate drooling in the affected children. Kinesio tape (KT) application has shown promising results in controlling drooling in children.

Familial congenital laryngotracheal stenosis: A systematic review.

Background: Congenital laryngotracheal stenosis (CLS) is a rare cause of stridor among newborns. Evidence has shown that several family members can be affected by CLS. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of familial congenital laryngotracheal stenosis (FCLS) will enable more effective therapeutic strategies.

The incidence of juvenile onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis at Starship Children's Hospital before and after a national HPV vaccination programme: a retrospective review.

Aim: To review and compare the incidence of juvenile onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JRRP) at Starship Children's Hospital (SSH) before and after the introduction of a national HPV vaccination programme.

Methods: Patients treated for JRRP at SSH were identified retrospectively using ICD-10 code D14.1 over a 14-year period.

Late airway complications following pediatric liver transplantation: A case series.

Background: Late airway complications, as consequence of immunosuppression following pediatric liver transplantation are uncommonly reported.

Methods: In this retrospective case series, we describe two young children presenting with symptoms of airway obstruction, secondary to differing pathologies in the supraglottic airway, as a result of immunosuppression following liver transplantation.

Results: Case 1, a 2-year-old girl who presented with stridor 12-months following liver transplantation, was found to have a proliferative soft tissue mass involving the supraglottic larynx.

The learning curve of BiZact™ tonsillectomy.

Objective: To evaluate the learning curve of BiZact™ tonsillectomy amongst trainees and fellows as a further technical skill.

Methods: Prospective audit of consecutive BiZact™ tonsillectomies undertaken by a trainee and fellow at Starship Children's Hospital. Primary outcomes measured were operative time from gag open to gag closed, readmission and post tonsillectomy bleed rates.

Recurrent Pneumococcal Meningitis Secondary to Nasoethmoidal Meningocele.

Since the widespread introduction of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine and subsequent decline of invasive pneumococcal disease in children, a significant proportion of children with pneumococcal meningitis are identified as having an underlying immunodeficiency or predisposing anatomic abnormality. We present 3 cases of recurrent pneumococcal meningitis where detailed neuro-imaging revealed subtle anterior base of skull defects not detected on initial investigations.

Retrotracheal Extraskeletal Ewing's Sarcoma: Case Report and Discussion on Airway Management.

Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma is a rare tumor, and the management of airway compromise in case of cervical Ewing's sarcoma has not been established. This report describes the case of a patient with retrotracheal Ewing's sarcoma and discusses a successful approach to airway management. A 12-year-old male presented with a 2-week history of sore throat and sleep-disordered breathing and 48 hours of stridor.

The bacterial species associated with aspirated foreign bodies in children.

Objective: Inhaled foreign bodies in children are common and may be complicated by secondary airway tract infection. The inhaled foreign body may act as carrier of infectious material and the aim of this study was to explore the bacterial species associated with aspirated foreign bodies in a cohort of children.

Methods: Retrospective case series of 34 patients who underwent rigid laryngobronchoscopy because of foreign body aspiration.

Recurrent post tonsillectomy bleeds: Presentation and characteristics in the paediatric population.

Objective: To evaluate the incidence of, features and risk factors for recurrent post tonsillectomy bleeding.

Methods: Audit of all patients 0-15 years of age undergoing tonsillectomy between 01/2004-12/2014 with selection of those with recurrent bleeding post tonsillectomy for subanalysis.

Results: Of 5400 single centre tonsillectomies, 234 (4.

Neonatal airway obstruction in bilateral congenital dacryocystocoele: Case report and review of the literature.

Bilateral nasal obstruction due to simultaneous bilateral dacrocystocoeles is a rare and potentially life threatening condition. We present a five day old girl with this condition who presented with respiratory distress without any eye signs or symptoms associated with dacryocystocoeles. She was successfully managed with surgery and the clinical and radiological features of this condition are presented here with a review of the literature.

Long-standing inhaled foreign bodies in children: Characteristics and outcome.

Objective: Aspirated foreign bodies in children present a potentially life-threatening condition and can be challenging to diagnose. This study aims to elucidate the characteristics and outcome of children with long-standing aspirated foreign bodies.

Methods: Retrospective case series of all cases of confirmed long-standing aspirated foreign bodies (LSAFB) between January 2003 to December 2015 in a single paediatric tertiary-level institution, defined as more than two weeks from choking episode or beginning of symptoms.

Botulinum toxin injections for chronic sialorrhoea in children are effective regardless of the degree of neurological dysfunction: A single tertiary institution experience.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of submandibular salivary gland Botulinum Toxin Type-A (BTX-A) injection in the treatment of drooling in children with varying degrees of neurological dysfunction.

Methods: A retrospective review of pre- and post-procedure drooling frequency and severity scores of patients receiving BTX-A between January 2008 and January 2013. Stratification to different subgroups of neurological impairment was performed according to Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) score.

The Yield of Multigene Testing in the Management of Pediatric Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

Objective: To explore the role and yield of multigene evaluation in children recently diagnosed with unilateral sensori-neural hearing loss (SNHL).

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Tertiary level pediatric institution.

Castleman's disease: An unusually young presentation resulting in delayed diagnosis of a neck mass.

We present a case report of a two year old child with an enlarging neck mass over a two year period. Her work-up included blood investigations, radiological imaging and fine needle aspirations which were non-diagnostic. At age 4 she had excision of her neck mass and histopathologic examination revealed unicentric Castleman's disease.

The starship children's hospital tonsillectomy: A further 10 years of experience.

Objectives/hypothesis: Tonsillectomy as a day-stay procedure remains controversial, although it is an established procedure in New Zealand. We reviewed our last 10 years' experience.

Methods: A prospective audit was used to determine unplanned conversion from day-stay to overnight hospital admission rates and the incidence of postoperative complications.

Safety of paediatric day-stay laryngeal surgery for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Objectives: Safety assessment of day-stay laryngeal surgery in a cohort of children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is a chronic debilitating disease which usually requires multiple recurrent interventions under general anaesthesia. Day-stay surgery is an attractive option as it allows avoiding the inconvenience and costs of routine overnight admissions while recovering in the safe environment of the family home.

The S/Z ratio: a simple and reliable clinical method of evaluating laryngeal function in patients after intubation.

Objectives: 1. To determine the consequences of prolonged intubation on laryngeal function. 2.

Magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging of a grade IV papillary endolymphatic sac tumour.

The endolymphatic sac tumour (ELST) is an adenomatous neoplasm of the papillary pattern originating from the endolymphatic sac's epithelium. We describe the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging features of a rare grade IV tumour with extensive skull base, cerebello-pontine and nasopharyngeal spread as well as involvement of the left temporomandibular joint. Papillary ELST may easily be misinterpreted on histopathological and even on immunohistochemical examination with other papillary lesions.