Caregiving and Caregiver Health 1 Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic (CUIDAR-SE Study): A Gender Analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of informal care and shown that women continue to shoulder the brunt of responsibilities in this area. In this study, we analyzed differences in caregiving and self-perceived health in a group of informal male and female caregivers 1 year into the COVID-19 pandemic. We performed a cross-sectional survey of 261 informal caregivers (165 women and 96 men) in two regions of Spain using computer-assisted telephone interviewing between February and April 2021.

[Multilevel analysis of global scientific production on parenthood, human development and gender equality].

Objective: To compare worldwide differences in scientific production on fatherhood and motherhood (quantity, start time and evolution over time), to determine the international geographic distribution of articles on fatherhood, and, to examine the relationship between the human development index (HDI), the global gender gap index (GGGI), and the number of articles on fatherhood.

Method: Descriptive analysis of articles on fatherhood and motherhood from the Scopus database 1788-2016, and longitudinal analysis 2006-2015 of the relationship between scientific production on fatherhood, the HDI and the GGGI, by means of a multilevel model with Poisson distribution and extra-Poisson parameter.

Results: We observed four times fewer articles on fatherhood than on motherhood.

Intimate partner violence in women with disabilities: perception of healthcare and attitudes of health professionals.

Purpose: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major social problem and public health issue, but we still have a relatively small amount of data about partner violence in women with disabilities. The main objective of this study was to understand the experiences of women with disabilities who are or have been abused by their partners and to explore the knowledge, views and training requirements of primary care professionals.

Method: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with women with disabilities who had experienced IPV (n = 14), and focus groups with healthcare professionals (n = 16).

Evaluation of quality improvement for cesarean sections caesarean section programmes through mixed methods.

Background: The rate of avoidable caesarean sections (CS) could be reduced through multifaceted strategies focusing on the involvement of health professionals and compliance with clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Quality improvements for CS (QICS) programmes (QICS) based on this approach, have been implemented in Canada and Spain.

Objectives: Their objectives are as follows: 1) Toto identify clusters in each setting with similar results in terms of cost-consequences, 2) Toto investigate whether demographic, clinical or context characteristics can distinguish these clusters, and 3) Toto explore the implementation of QICS in the 2 regions, in order to identify factors that have been facilitators in changing practices and reducing the use of obstetric intervention, as well as the challenges faced by hospitals in implementing the recommendations.

Gender identity in informal care: impact on health in Spanish caregivers.

We examined the influence of gender identity on men's and women's perceptions of assuming the caregiver role to identify different coping strategies and the effects on caregiver health and quality of life. The study, performed in Andalusia, Spain, was based on a sociological analysis of the narratives produced during semistructured interviews with primary informal caregivers (16 men and 16 women) of different profiles. We observed a cultural assumption that women should assume the caregiver role and found that women shouldered the bulk of caregiving responsibilities and did not usually seek support.

Male and female involvement in the birth and child-rearing process.

Aims And Objectives: To know the male involvement during pregnancy and childbirth, with special attention to their participation in public services of perinatal health and the impact that this participation has on their subsequent involvement in child-rearing, to compare the male and female involvement in child-rearing and to identify the factors associated with a greater male involvement.

Background: Most of the research on male involvement in birth and child-rearing comes from Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian countries. These studies show a lower involvement of men in relation to women, even in countries with instruments to promote gender shared responsibility.

Embedded gender and social changes underpinning inequalities in health: an ethnographic insight into a local Spanish context.

Despite growing interest in the social determinants of health and contributions from studies focussing on the analysis of explanations to enhance our understanding of the interactions between gender identities, embodied experiences and structural inequalities between men and women, few research papers have devoted attention to this perspective in the Spanish context. This study is an empirical exploration of lay knowledge, for an enhanced understanding of health inequalities in this context, from an ethnographic standpoint based on a phenomenological approach. Specifically, our aim is to study the lay perceptions of men and women regarding their gender identity and living conditions as health determinants within different "contexts" of their everyday lives, namely: the personal context; the home context; and the neighbourhood context.

Exhausted women, tough men: a qualitative study on gender differences in health, vulnerability and coping with illness in Spain.

This study analyses different perceptions by women and men, from different social backgrounds and ages, regarding their health, vulnerability and coping with illness, and describes the main models provided by both sexes to explain determinants for gender inequalities in health. The qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with women and men resident in Granada (Spain). The women rated their health worse than men, associating it with feelings of exhaustion.

A multilevel model for the study of breastfeeding determinants in Brazil.

The benefits of breastfeeding for the children's health have been highlighted in many studies. The innovative aspect of the present study lies in its use of a multilevel model, a technique that has rarely been applied to studies on breastfeeding. The data reported were collected from a larger study, the Family Budget Survey-Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares, carried out between 2002 and 2003 in Brazil that involved a sample of 48 470 households.

[Gender analysis of primary care professionals' perceptions and attitudes to informal care].

Objectives: To analyze primary care professionals' perceptions and attitudes to informal care from a gender perspective.

Methods: We performed a qualitative study using interviews and a discussion group. Eighteen primary care professionals were selected in the Health District of Grenada (Spain) by means of intentional sampling.

[Paternity and health services. Qualitative research on men's experiences during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum of theirs partners].

Background: Little research has been carried out with regards to the inclusion of men during the birth process. The objective of this paper involves exploring the needs and expectations of the health services manifested by a group of fathers as a result of their experience during the birth process.

Methods: Qualitative research was carried out in Granada in 2004 via individual interviews with fathers who showed shared responsibility in the upbringing.

A tool to analyse gender mainstreaming and care-giving models in support plans for informal care: case studies in Andalusia and the United Kingdom.

Objective: To present a tool to analyse the design of support plans for informal care from a gender perspective, using the plans in Andalusia and the United Kingdom as case studies.

Methodology: A tool was drawn up to analyse gender mainstreaming and care-giving models involved in the documents. In the gender mainstreaming aspect, a symbolic dimension (gender mainstreaming in the plan's theoretical framework and analysis of situation) and an operational dimension (gender mainstreaming in the plan's proposals and actions) were defined.

[Impact of caregiving on women's health and quality of life].

Background: Informal care currently lies at the heart of the debate on welfare policies since demands for such care are increasing and the future availability of informal caregivers is uncertain.

Objective: To analyze the distribution of the burden of informal care between men and women and its consequences on health and quality of life.

Methods: Data from Spain and other neighboring countries obtained from several bibliographic databases, publications, and official reports were gathered.

[The challenge of maternity in Spain: social and health difficulties].

Objective: The present article reviews the recent literature on various issues related to maternity services and fertility in Spain and elsewhere.

Method: Information obtained from several official sources, technical reports, and the scientific literature produced in the last 5 years were used.

Results: Maternity is assigned insufficient importance due to cultural changes, women's difficulties in the labor market, inadequate public policies to support families, and deficiencies in the quality of pre- and postdelivery maternity care.