Treatment Response Biomarkers for Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease.

Objective: This study investigated whether changes in circulating biomarkers predict progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) in patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) receiving treatment.

Methods: Participants of the Scleroderma Lung Study II, which compared receiving mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) versus cyclophosphamide (CYC) for treating SSc-ILD, who had blood samples at baseline and 12 months were included. Levels for C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 4, CCL18, and Krebs von den Lungen (KL)-6 were measured, and a logistic regression model evaluated relationships between changes in these biomarkers and the development of PPF by 24 months.

Bexotegrast in people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): a plain language summary of publication of the INTEGRIS-IPF study.

This plain language summary shares results from a clinical study called INTEGRIS-IPF that was published in the in 2024. This study looked at a medicine called (beck-so-teh-grast) as a possible treatment for (i-dee-uh-pa-thick pul-muh-ner-ee fie-bro-sis; IPF). is an investigational medicine, which means that it is being studied and has not yet been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for people with IPF to take as a treatment.

Predicting Invasiveness in Lepidic Pattern Adenocarcinoma of Lung: Analysis of Visual Semantic and Radiomic Features.

Objectives: To differentiate invasive lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma (iLPA) from adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)/minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) of lung utilizing visual semantic and computer-aided detection (CAD)-based texture features on subjects initially diagnosed as AIS or MIA with CT-guided biopsy.

Materials And Methods: From 2011 to 2017, all patients with CT-guided biopsy results of AIS or MIA who subsequently underwent resection were identified. CT scan before the biopsy was used to assess visual semantic and CAD texture features, totaling 23 semantic and 95 CAD-based quantitative texture variables.

Correlation of FAPI PET Uptake with Immunohistochemistry in Explanted Lungs from Patients with Advanced Interstitial Lung Disease.

Recent studies have demonstrated promising results of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) inhibitor (FAPI) PET in prognosticating and monitoring interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). As a first step toward successful translation, our primary aim was to validate the FAPI PET uptake through immunohistochemistry in patients with advanced ILD who underwent lung transplantation after a FAPI PET scan. This is a preliminary analysis of a single-center, open-label, single-arm, prospective exploratory biodistribution study of Ga-FAPI-46 PET imaging in patients with ILD (NCT05365802).

Associations between 6-minute walk distance and physiologic measures and clinical outcomes in myositis-associated interstitial lung disease.

Objective: The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a simple test widely used to assess sub-maximal exercise capacity in chronic respiratory diseases. We explored the relationship of 6-min walk distance (6MWD) with measurements of physiological, clinical, radiographic measures in patients with myositis-associated interstitial lung disease (MA-ILD).

Method: We analyzed data from the Abatacept in Myositis Associated Interstitial lung disease (Attack My-ILD) study, a 48-week multicentre randomized trial of patients with anti-synthetase antibodies and active MA-ILD.

Bexotegrast in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: The INTEGRIS-IPF Clinical Trial.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rare and progressive disease that causes progressive cough, exertional dyspnea, impaired quality of life, and death. Bexotegrast (PLN-74809) is an oral, once-daily, investigational drug in development for the treatment of IPF. This Phase-2a multicenter, clinical trial randomized participants with IPF to receive, orally and once daily, bexotegrast at 40 mg, 80 mg, 160 mg, or 320 mg, or placebo, with or without background IPF therapy (pirfenidone or nintedanib), in an approximately 3:1 ratio in each bexotegrast dose cohort, for at least 12 weeks.

Quantifying lung fissure integrity using a three-dimensional patch-based convolutional neural network on CT images for emphysema treatment planning.

Purpose: Evaluation of lung fissure integrity is required to determine whether emphysema patients have complete fissures and are candidates for endobronchial valve (EBV) therapy. We propose a deep learning (DL) approach to segment fissures using a three-dimensional patch-based convolutional neural network (CNN) and quantitatively assess fissure integrity on CT to evaluate it in subjects with severe emphysema.

Approach: From an anonymized image database of patients with severe emphysema, 129 CT scans were used.

ChatGPT in radiology: A systematic review of performance, pitfalls, and future perspectives.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the reported performances of ChatGPT, identify potential limitations, and explore future directions for its integration, optimization, and ethical considerations in radiology applications.

Materials And Methods: After a comprehensive review of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar databases, a cohort of published studies was identified up to January 1, 2024, utilizing ChatGPT for clinical radiology applications.

Results: Out of 861 studies derived, 44 studies evaluated the performance of ChatGPT; among these, 37 (37/44; 84.

Assessing variability in non-contrast CT for the evaluation of stroke: The effect of CT image reconstruction conditions on AI-based CAD measurements of ASPECTS value and hypodense volume.

Purpose: To rule out hemorrhage, non-contrast CT (NCCT) scans are used for early evaluation of patients with suspected stroke. Recently, artificial intelligence tools have been developed to assist with determining eligibility for reperfusion therapies by automating measurement of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS), a 10-point scale with > 7 or ≤ 7 being a threshold for change in functional outcome prediction and higher chance of symptomatic hemorrhage, and hypodense volume. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of CT reconstruction kernel and slice thickness on ASPECTS and hypodense volume.

Interstitial lung abnormality evaluated by an automated quantification system: prevalence and progression rate.

Background: Despite the importance of recognizing interstitial lung abnormalities, screening methods using computer-based quantitative analysis are not well developed, and studies on the subject with an Asian population are rare. We aimed to identify the prevalence and progression rate of interstitial lung abnormality evaluated by an automated quantification system in the Korean population.

Methods: A total of 2,890 healthy participants in a health screening program (mean age: 49 years, men: 79.

Automated abdominal adipose tissue segmentation and volume quantification on longitudinal MRI using 3D convolutional neural networks with multi-contrast inputs.

Objective: Increased subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (SAT/VAT) volume is associated with risk for cardiometabolic diseases. This work aimed to develop and evaluate automated abdominal SAT/VAT segmentation on longitudinal MRI in adults with overweight/obesity using attention-based competitive dense (ACD) 3D U-Net and 3D nnU-Net with full field-of-view volumetric multi-contrast inputs.

Materials And Methods: 920 adults with overweight/obesity were scanned twice at multiple 3 T MRI scanners and institutions.

Pulmonary Fibrosis Stakeholder Summit: A Joint NHLBI, Three Lakes Foundation, and Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation Workshop Report.

Despite progress in elucidation of disease mechanisms, identification of risk factors, biomarker discovery, and the approval of two medications to slow lung function decline in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and one medication to slow lung function decline in progressive pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis remains a disease with a high morbidity and mortality. In recognition of the need to catalyze ongoing advances and collaboration in the field of pulmonary fibrosis, the NHLBI, the Three Lakes Foundation, and the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation hosted the Pulmonary Fibrosis Stakeholder Summit on November 8-9, 2022. This workshop was held virtually and was organized into three topic areas: ) novel models and research tools to better study pulmonary fibrosis and uncover new therapies, ) early disease risk factors and methods to improve diagnosis, and ) innovative approaches toward clinical trial design for pulmonary fibrosis.

Combining Clinical and Biological Data to Predict Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis Despite Immunomodulatory Therapy.

Objective: Progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) is the leading cause of death in systemic sclerosis (SSc). This study aimed to develop a clinical prediction nomogram using clinical and biological data to assess risk of PPF among patients receiving treatment of SSc-related interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD).

Methods: Patients with SSc-ILD who participated in the Scleroderma Lung Study II (SLS II) were randomized to treatment with either mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or cyclophosphamide (CYC).

How AI Responds to Common Lung Cancer Questions: ChatGPT vs Google Bard.

Background The recent release of large language models (LLMs) for public use, such as ChatGPT and Google Bard, has opened up a multitude of potential benefits as well as challenges. Purpose To evaluate and compare the accuracy and consistency of responses generated by publicly available ChatGPT-3.5 and Google Bard to non-expert questions related to lung cancer prevention, screening, and terminology commonly used in radiology reports based on the recommendation of Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) v2022 from American College of Radiology and Fleischner society.

Quantitative image analysis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome: a cohort observational study.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe form of acute lung injury commonly associated with pneumonia, including coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The resultant effect can be persistent lung damage, but its extent is not known. We used quantitative high resolution computed tomography (QHR-CT) lung scans to radiographically characterize the lung damage in COVID-19 ARDS (CARDS) survivors.

Translating AI to Clinical Practice: Overcoming Data Shift with Explainability.

To translate artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms into clinical practice requires generalizability of models to real-world data. One of the main obstacles to generalizability is data shift, a data distribution mismatch between model training and real environments. Explainable AI techniques offer tools to detect and mitigate the data shift problem and develop reliable AI for clinical practice.

Quantitative interstitial lung disease scores in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: longitudinal changes and clinical implications.

Objectives: To investigate computer-aided quantitative scores from high-resolution CT (HRCT) images and determine their longitudinal changes and clinical significance in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs)-related interstitial lung disease (IIMs-ILD).

Methods: The clinical data and HRCT images of 80 patients with IIMs who underwent serial HRCT scans at least twice were retrospectively analysed. Quantitative ILD (QILD) scores (%) were calculated as the sum of the extent of lung fibrosis, ground-glass opacity, and honeycombing.

Association of Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux, Esophageal Dilation, and Progression of Systemic Sclerosis-Related Interstitial Lung Disease.

Objective: To investigate whether symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and radiographic measures of esophageal dilation are associated with radiographic progression of systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD).

Methods: Participants of the Scleroderma Lung Study II, which compared mycophenolate versus cyclophosphamide for SSc-ILD, completed the reflux domain of the University of California Los Angeles Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract 2.0 at baseline.

Multi-scale, domain knowledge-guided attention + random forest: a two-stage deep learning-based multi-scale guided attention models to diagnose idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from computed tomography images.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, irreversible, and usually fatal lung disease of unknown reasons, generally affecting the elderly population. Early diagnosis of IPF is crucial for triaging patients' treatment planning into anti-fibrotic treatment or treatments for other causes of pulmonary fibrosis. However, current IPF diagnosis workflow is complicated and time-consuming, which involves collaborative efforts from radiologists, pathologists, and clinicians and it is largely subject to inter-observer variability.

Automated quantification system predicts survival in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease.

Objective: The prognosis of RA-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is difficult to predict because of the variable clinical course. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of an automated quantification system (AQS) in RA-ILD.

Methods: We retrospectively analysed the clinical data and high-resolution CT (HRCT) images of 144 patients with RA-ILD.

Procedural outcomes associated with use of the AngioVac System for right heart thrombi: A safety report from RAPID registry data.

Right heart thrombi can be a source of considerable morbidity and mortality, especially when associated with pulmonary embolism. To understand the safety and procedural efficacy associated with vacuum-assisted thrombectomy using the AngioVac System (AngioDynamics, Latham, NY, USA) to remove right heart thrombi, we conducted a subanalysis of the Registry of AngioVac Procedures in Detail (RAPID) multicenter registry representing 47 (20.1%) of 234 participants in the registry.

Volumetric measurements are preferred in the evaluation of mutant IDH inhibition in non-enhancing diffuse gliomas: Evidence from a phase I trial of ivosidenib.

Background: Since IDH-mutant (mIDH) low-grade gliomas (LGGs) progress slowly and have a relatively long survival, there is a significant need for earlier measurements of clinical benefit. Guidance using the LGG RANO criteria recommends serial bidirectional (2D) measurements on a single slice; however, questions remain as to whether volumetric (3D) measurements are better, since they would allow for more accurate measurements in irregular shaped lesions and allow readers to better assess areas of subtle change.

Methods: Twenty-one (out of 24) non-enhancing, recurrent mIDH1 LGGs were enrolled in a phase I, multicenter, open-label study of oral ivosidenib (NCT02073994), and with imaging pre- and post-treatment as part of this exploratory ad hoc analysis.