Rationalising development of classification systems describing livestock production systems for disease burden analysis within the Global Burden of Animal Diseases programme.

The heterogeneity that exists across the global spectrum of livestock production means that livestock productivity, efficiency, health expenditure and health outcomes vary across production systems. To ensure that burden of disease estimates are specific to the represented livestock population and people reliant upon them, livestock populations need to be systematically classified into different types of production system, reflective of the heterogeneity across production systems. This paper explores the data currently available of livestock production system classifications and animal health through a scoping review as a foundation for the development of a framework that facilitates more specific estimates of livestock disease burdens.

The global burden of neglected zoonotic diseases: Current state of evidence.

The majority of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses, most of which are classified as "neglected". By affecting both humans and animals, zoonoses pose a dual burden. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) metric quantifies human health burden since it combines mortality and morbidity.

Malnutrition-related parasite dissemination from the skin in visceral leishmaniasis is driven by PGE2-mediated amplification of CCR7-related trafficking of infected inflammatory monocytes.

People are infected with Leishmania donovani when the parasite is deposited in the dermis during the blood meal of the sand fly vector. Most infected people develop a subclinical latent infection, but some develop progressive visceral leishmaniasis. Malnutrition is a risk factor for the development of active VL.

Methodological choices in brucellosis burden of disease assessments: A systematic review.

Background: Foodborne and zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis present many challenges to public health and economic welfare. Increasingly, researchers and public health institutes use disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to generate a comprehensive comparison of the population health impact of these conditions. DALYs calculations, however, entail a number of methodological choices and assumptions, with data gaps and uncertainties to accommodate.

Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Cell Fusing Agent Virus in Aedes aegypti.

Cell fusing agent virus (CFAV) is an insect-specific flavivirus (ISF) found in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. ISFs have demonstrated the ability to modulate the infection or transmission of arboviruses such as dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses. It is thought that vertical transmission is the main route for ISF maintenance in nature.

Inflammatory stimuli alter bone marrow composition and compromise bone health in the malnourished host.

Inflammation has a role in the pathogenesis of childhood malnutrition. We investigated the effect of malnutrition and inflammatory challenge on bone marrow composition and bone health. We studied an established murine model of moderate acute malnutrition at baseline and after acute inflammatory challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a surrogate of Gram-negative bacterial sepsis, or , the cause of visceral leishmaniasis.

Pathologic Inflammation in Malnutrition Is Driven by Proinflammatory Intestinal Microbiota, Large Intestine Barrier Dysfunction, and Translocation of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide.

Acute malnutrition, or wasting, is implicated in over half of all deaths in children under five and increases risk of infectious disease. Studies in humans and preclinical models have demonstrated that malnutrition is linked to an immature intestinal microbiota characterized by increased prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae. Observational studies in children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) have also observed heightened systemic inflammation and increased circulating bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS; endotoxin).

Environmental, Metabolic, and Inflammatory Factors Converge in the Pathogenesis of Moderate Acute Malnutrition in Children: An Observational Cohort Study.

Acute malnutrition affects more than 50 million children worldwide. These children are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from infectious disease. However, the pathogenesis of acute malnutrition and mechanisms underlying the increased risk and poor outcomes from infection are not well understood.

Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems.

Our food systems are progressively more industrialized and consolidated with many modern food value chains involving multiple countries and continents, and as such being associated with changes in risk profile and impacts of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Disease outbreaks that sweep through a single region can have massive impacts on food supply, while severe outbreaks of human pathogens can disrupt agricultural labor supply or demand for products perceived as 'unsafe'. Market pressures have generally rewarded production of cash crops for fuel and energy dense, low nutrient processed foods over production of fruits and vegetables for local consumption.